Politics and Political Science

Definition

• Political science is the study of politics, government systems, and political behavior.

Main Subfields

1. Comparative Politics

   • Examines different political systems and governments.
   • Studies political institutions, processes, and outcomes across countries.

2. International Relations

   • Focuses on relationships between countries.
   • Analyzes concepts like diplomacy, conflict, and economic relations.

3. Political Theory

   • Explores ideas and philosophies related to politics.
   • Includes studies of influential political thinkers and ideologies.

4. Public Administration

   • Concerns the implementation of government policy.
   • Studies organizational theory and public sector management.

5. Public Policy

   • Examines the creation, implementation, and effects of policies.
   • Focuses on policy analysis and evaluation.

Key Concepts

• Power: The ability to influence or control the behavior of people or institutions.
• Authority: The legitimate right to exercise power.
• Legitimacy: Recognition and acceptance of authority by the governed.
• Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.

Political Systems

• Democracy: A system where the government is elected by the people.
• Authoritarianism: Concentration of power in a leader or small elite not accountable to the public.
• Totalitarianism: An extreme form of authoritarianism aimed at controlling all aspects of life.
• Monarchy: A political system where a single ruler, usually a king or queen, holds power.

Research Methods

• Qualitative Methods: Interviews, case studies, and content analysis to understand political phenomena.
• Quantitative Methods: Statistical analysis and mathematical models to interpret data and draw conclusions.

Important Theorists

• Plato: Advocated for philosopher-kings and the pursuit of justice.
• Machiavelli: Focused on power politics and statecraft.
• Hobbes: Argued for a strong central authority to avoid chaos.
• Locke: Emphasized natural rights and the social contract.
• Marx: Critiqued capitalism and introduced class struggle theory.

Current Trends

• Rise of populism and nationalism in various countries.
• Impact of globalization on state sovereignty and interactions.
• Importance of environmental politics in contemporary policy debates.
• Influence of technology and social media on political participation.

ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

• ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ରାଜନୀତି, ସରକାରୀ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଏବଂ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଆଚରଣର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ।
• ଏହା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଏବଂ ସରକାର ବିଷୟରେ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ କରେ।

ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଉପକ୍ଷେତ୍ର

• ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରାଜନୀତି: ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକର ରାଜନୈତିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଏବଂ ସରକାର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରେ, ରାଜନୈତିକ ସଂସ୍ଥା, ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଏବଂ ପରିଣାମ ବିଷୟରେ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ କରେ।
• ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ: ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଉପରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଏ, ରାଜନୈତିକ କୂଟନୀତି, ସଂଘର୍ଷ ଏବଂ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଭଳି ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରେ।
• ରାଜନୈତିକ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ: ରାଜନୀତି ସହ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଧାରଣା ଏବଂ ଦର୍ଶନ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ କରେ, ପ୍ରଭାବଶାଳୀ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଚିନ୍ତାବାଦୀ ଏବଂ ଆଦର୍ଶବାଦ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରେ।
• ଲୋକ ପ୍ରଶାସନ: ସରକାରୀ ନୀତି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ କରିବା ସହ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ, ସଂଗଠନ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଏବଂ ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ପରିଚାଳନା ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରେ।
• ଲୋକ ନୀତି: ନୀତି ସୃଷ୍ଟି, କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଭାବ ସହ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ, ନୀତି ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ଏବଂ ମୂଲ୍ୟାଙ୍କନ ଉପରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଏ।

ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଧାରଣା

• ଶକ୍ତି: ଲୋକ କିମ୍ବା ସଂସ୍ଥାର ଆଚରଣ ଉପରେ ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇବା କିମ୍ବା ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାର କ୍ଷମତା।
• ଅଧିକାର: ଶକ୍ତି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାର ବୈଧ ଅଧିକାର।
• ବୈଧତା: ଶାସିତଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଧିକାର ସ୍ୱୀକୃତି ଏବଂ ଗ୍ରହଣ।
• ସାର୍ବଭୌମତ୍ୱ: ବାହ୍ୟ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବିନା ନିଜେ ଶାସନ କରିବାର ଏକ ରାଜ୍ୟର ଅଧିକାର।

ରାଜନୈତିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା

• ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ସରକାର ଲୋକଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୁଏ।
• ସର୍ବାଧିକାର: ଶକ୍ତି ଏକ ନେତା କିମ୍ବା ଛୋଟ ଏଲିଟ ହାତରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀଭୂତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଯିଏ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଉତ୍ତରଦାୟୀ ନୁହେଁ।
• ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣତା: ସର୍ବାଧିକାରର ଏକ ଚରମ ରୂପ ଯାହା ଜୀବନର ସମସ୍ତ ଦିଗ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାକୁ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଧାରଣ କରେ।
• ରାଜତନ୍ତ୍ର: ଏକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଯେଉଁଠି একজন একক ଶାସକ, সাধারণত একজন ରାଜା କିମ୍ବା ରାଣী ଶକ୍ତি ଧାରଣ କରେ।

ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ପଦ୍ଧତି

• ଗୁଣାତ୍ମକ ପଦ୍ଧତି: ରାଜନୈତିକ ଘଟଣା ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ବୁଝିବା ପାଇଁ ସାକ୍ଷାৎକାର, কেস ଷ୍ଟাডি ଏবং সামগ্রী বিশ্লেষণ।
• ପରିମାଣାତ୍ମକ ପଦ୍ଧତି: তথ্য ব্যাখ্যা করা এবং निष्कर्ष তৈরি করার জন্য পরিসংখ্যানগত বিশ্লেষণ এবং গাণিতিক মডেল।

ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂর্ଣ୍ଣ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତବাদী

• ପ୍লেটো: দার্শনিক-রাজা এবং ন্যায়বিচার অনুসন্ধানের পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন।
• ମାକିଆভେলি: শক্তি রাজনীতি এবং রাষ্ট্র কলা ଉপর গুরুত্ব দিয়েছিলেন।
• হব্‌স: অরাজকতা থেকে বচাও করার জন্য একটি শক্ত কেন্দ্রীয় কর্তৃপক্ষের পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন।
• লক: প্রাকৃতিক অধিকার এবং সামাজিক চুক্তির উপর জোর দিয়েছিলেন।
• মার্ক্স: পুঁজিবাদ নিয়ে সমালোচনা করেছিলেন এবং শ্রেণী সংগ্রাম সম্পর্কে সিদ্ধান্ত প্রণয়ন করেছিলেন।

বর্তমান প্রবণতা

• বিভিন্ন দেশে জনপ্রিয়তা এবং জাতীয়তাবাদের উত্থান।
• বিশ্বায়নের প্রভাব রাষ্ট্রীয় সার্বভৌমত্ব এবং আন্তঃক্রিয়া উপর।
• সমসাময়িক নীতি বিবাদে পরিবেশ রাজনীতির গুরুত্ব।
• প্রযুক্তি এবং সামাজিক মাধ্যমের প্রভাব রাজনৈতিক অংশগ্রহণ উপর।