Political Representation Theories

Representation

• Representation is a relationship where an individual or group acts on behalf of a larger group of people.
• A key definition is to "make present again," essentially conveying the opinions and perspectives of citizens to policymakers.
• Representation is a form of political assistance.
• Different theories/models of representation exist.

Theories/Models of Representation

• Trustee Model/Theory: Representatives act on behalf of others, using their expertise and experience to make decisions in the best interests of their constituents.

• This model is often associated with elite representation.

• Representatives should act independently and use their judgment to decide what's best.

• Critics argue that representatives might use their autonomy for self-serving purposes.

• Delegate Model/Theory: Representatives act as conduits for the views of their constituents, adhering closely to their instructions.

• Representatives have little capacity for independent judgement.

• Elections, initiatives, and recall mechanisms are key components of this model, aiming to ensure that representatives closely follow public opinion.

• Advantages are broader popular participation and checks on political motivations.

• Disadvantages are potential narrowness, conflicts, and diminished statesmanship.

• Mandate Model/Theory: A mandate is a command from a higher body. In elections, a party gains a mandate by outlining policies in their manifesto.

• Representatives are agents of the party, acting in accordance with party policies.

• Promotes party unity and discipline.

• The model is perceived as taking party symbols and labels into account practically,

• But is often criticized for potentially oversimplifying voters' motives.

• Resemblance Model/Theory: Representatives mirror the characteristics, experiences, and concerns of the group they aim to represent.

• This model aims for a representative body that reflects the population's diversity.

• A diverse body of representatives is thought to facilitate better decision-making.

• This is about a representative government that is a microcosm of the population.

Elections

• Elections are formal group decision-making processes, whereby people choose individuals/parties to hold public office.
• Modern representative democracies use elections. Includes local, regional, executive, legislative branches.
• Elections are important for other private groups and organizations.
• Elections are seen as a means for public office holders to be accountable to the people
• Elections, arguably, are a necessary condition to have a functioning democracy.

Functions of Elections

• Recruiting politicians: Elections are a foundational method for choosing political representatives.
• Making governments: Elections directly or indirectly (through legislative impacts) establish government in some systems.
• Providing Representation: Electoral channels are vital in transmitting public opinion to the government, in fair and competitive elections.
• Influencing policy: Elections often dissuade governments from implementing radical policies, especially if heavily opposing opinions are public.
• Educating voters: Campaigning provides information on candidates, policy positions, and existing government performance.
• Building legitimacy: Elections help legitimize governing systems, even dictatorial systems, by creating a sense of participation and providing a ceremonial sense of status among voters.
• Strengthening elites: Elections can allow elites to manipulate and control the public, despite universal suffrage and political conflict.

Rules and Mechanisms of Elections

• Which offices are subject to the elective principle? Certain political offices such as legislature and the executive are chosen through elections, while other offices might be decided by merit or expertise.

• Who is entitled to vote? Generally, all adult citizens. However, restrictions have existed historically and continue to exist in certain places.

• How are votes cast? The secret ballot is the standard. This protects against corruption and intimidation.

• Are elections competitive or non-competitive? Elections should ideally offer a genuine choice of candidates and parties. The absence of genuine choice diminishes legitimacy.

• How are elections conducted? This depends on a nation's electoral system.