42 Questions
What is a characteristic of catch-all parties?
A small number of members
What is the primary goal of cartel parties?
To divide resources among dominant parties
What is a consequence of the increasing professionalization of political parties?
A diversification of ideology to gain more votes
What is a key difference between catch-all parties and mass parties?
The size of their membership
What is a characteristic of mass parties?
A large number of members
Why do candidates need the collective capital of the party?
To win in the ballot
What is the main reason for the evolution of catch-all parties into cartel parties?
A desire for more professionalization
What is the primary function of cartel parties?
To train and select professionals
What is the main focus of party systems and their analysis?
The interaction between parties
According to Müller and Storm (1990), what is one way to classify parties?
By their main aim or objective
What is a characteristic of a niche party?
It occupies a specific position in the party system
What is an analogy used to describe party systems?
A planet system
Who defined a party system as a whole that is more important than its parts?
Giovanni Sartori
What is a factor that can be used to classify parties according to Pedersen (1982) and Barnea and Rahat (2011)?
The party's life-cycle
What is a characteristic of entrepreneurial parties?
They are business-like in their organization
What is the focus of the 'Olympics of Political Science'?
Labeling and classifying political parties
What is the primary resource of the Cadre Party?
Personal wealth and connections
When did the Anti-Cartel Party emerge?
2000s
What is the organizational structure of the Mass Party?
Members organized in local branches
What is the primary role of membership in the Cartel Party?
To serve as cheerleaders for elites
What is a key characteristic of the Anti-Cartel Party?
Members are gathered around an idea
What is the nature of membership in the Cadre Party?
Elite members only
What is the primary resource of the Cartel Party?
State subsidies
What is a key feature of the Mass Party?
Leadership formally accountable to members
What is the distinction between the Mass Party and the Cartel Party?
Organizational structure
What is the context in which these party types were classified?
European and North American
What is the main goal of political parties in a party system?
To increase their power in controlling government
What is a necessary condition for a party system to exist?
A pluralistic society with free elections
What determines the shape and dynamics of a party system?
The competitive interaction between all parties
What is the analogy between party systems and planetary systems?
Both have a competitive interaction between units
What is the primary function of a party system?
To allow parties to compete or cooperate with the aim of increasing their power in controlling government
What is the main reason to analyze party systems?
To understand the functioning of the political representation system
What is the genealogy of party systems?
The origin and evolution of party systems
What is the morphology of party systems?
The format and structure of party systems
What is the result of each revolution according to the text?
The creation of two different cleavages
What is the relationship between cleavages and parties according to the text?
One party for each side of the cleavage
How many party families are created by the four cleavages?
8 party families
What is the main feature of the Post-Industrial Revolution?
All of the above
What is the values shift of the younger generation?
From materialist to post-materialist values
Which type of parties emerged from the post-materialist values?
All of the above
What is the traditional characteristic of political parties?
Male stronghold
When were women formally excluded from political space?
At the time political parties emerged and were structured
Study Notes
Transformation of Political Parties
- The traditional mass party model has been replaced by smaller parties composed of political professionals.
- This change is particularly evident among the younger generation, who have a negative image of political parties.
Types of Political Parties
-
Catch-all Parties/Electoral-Professional Parties: characterized by a small number of members, minimal party development, and activities carried out by paid specialists.
- They differ from mass parties in their organizational features and ideological consequences.
- Parties tend to diversify their ideology to get the biggest suffrage.
-
Cartel Parties: characterized by increasing professionalization, public funding, and a mutual agreement to divide resources between dominant parties.
- They create a cartel, exercising control over the political system within a given country.
-
Anti-Cartel Parties: emerged in the 2000s, characterized by members organized around an idea rather than social characteristics.
- Expect important commitment from members, and have a blurred distinction between members and supporters.
Ideal Types and Classifications
- These classifications are ideal types, fictional simplified representations aimed to compare situations.
- Reality is more nuanced, and there are many models and labels.
- Classifications were elaborated in a European and North American context, and their applicability to other political contexts is questionable.
Other Classifications
- Main Aim or Objective: vote-seeking, office-seeking, policy-seeking, etc.
- Life-Cycle of the Party: new, old, degree of novelty.
- Place of the Party within the Party System: mainstream or niche party.
Party Systems and the Theory of Cleavages
- Party System Definition: a set of parties or structures that compete or cooperate to increase their power in controlling government.
- Three Main Elements: interaction between parties, competition for power, and functioning of the system of political representation.
- Genealogy of Party Systems: four cleavages (workers/employers, rural/urban, state/church, and central periphery) give birth to eight party families.
- Post-Industrial Revolution: new cleavages emerge, such as materialist-post materialist values, open-closed societies, and generational cleavage over policy priorities.
Conclusion: A Gendered Perspective on Political Parties
- Political parties emerged as male strongholds, structured at a time when women were formally excluded from political space.
- This gendered perspective highlights the need for a more inclusive and representative political system.
This quiz explores the changes in the relationship between political parties and their members, particularly among the younger generation.
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