Political Ideologies in 18th Century Europe

<p>That a system that rewarded individual labor and enterprise should be established. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of new cities and industrialized regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The introduction of new concepts of individual rights and social power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seeking a representative, elected government operating under the rule of law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radicals supported private property, but opposed its concentration in the hands of a few. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Universal Adult Suffrage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only men with property should have the right to vote. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To coordinate socialist efforts internationally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advocating for a free market economy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By closely working with the Social Democratic Party. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improving living conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were spreading throughout Europe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was seen as a precursor to a global socialist revolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socialists and trade unionists had limited political representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The workers' red flag (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They controlled the government and limited socialist influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An Italian nationalist promoting the creation of nations with equal rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private property was viewed as the source of social ills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associations where members produced goods and shared profits based on their contributions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He established a cooperative community named New Harmony. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They adopted his philosophies to inspire their own revolutions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Russian Orthodox Christianity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By their levels of skill and ties to villages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They did not respect nobility and acted against them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They pooled their land with their commune and divided it by family needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He dissolved the Duma after its first session. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Professionals such as lawyers and doctors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe restrictions were imposed on political activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protests on Bloody Sunday. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germany, Austria, and Turkey. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Government intervention to support the development of cooperatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system based on private ownership of property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The profit motive of capitalists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To liberate workers from capitalist exploitation by abolishing private property (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He advocated for a government-supported approach to cooperative development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peasants would be the main force of the revolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disagreement over membership control and organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An autocracy where the Tsar had absolute power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 20 percent decline in real wages due to rising prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dismissal of workers from a major factory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Socialist Revolutionaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peasants were a varied group and not uniformly aligned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A society where peasants hold the revolutionary power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His refusal to consult with key political figures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Eastern Front involved larger battles with significant casualties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy losses to Germany and Austria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It discredited the Tsarist government and military (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deterioration of industrial equipment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bread riots due to food scarcity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severed access to vital industrial supplies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High morale from military successes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A revolutionary period in France that triggered powerful ideas of freedom and equality throughout Europe, inspiring discussions about individual rights and social power.

Political ideology that advocate for individual rights, limited government power, representative rule, and a legal system that safeguards citizens.

A political ideology that emphasizes the importance of popular sovereignty, where the government is based on the will of the majority of the population.

The idea that all adults, regardless of their sex, should have the right to vote.

The belief that property ownership should be more widely distributed, rather than concentrated in the hands of a few.

Conservatives believed that changes should happen gradually and with respect for tradition. They saw the past as a valuable foundation for the present and future.

The Industrial Revolution brought about major economic changes, like the rise of factories, expansion of railways, and the creation of new industrial regions.

Social changes during the Industrial Revolution included people moving to urban areas, working long hours in factories, and experiencing low wages and unemployment.

Liberals and Radicals wanted to overthrow existing monarchies because they believed in the value of individual effort and opposed the privileges of the aristocracy.

Liberals and Radicals believed that free individuals, working hard and operating capital freely, would lead to social progress. They advocated for a society where success was based on merit, not birthright.

An Italian nationalist who worked to unite Italy and whose ideas inspired other nationalists around the world.

A political ideology that opposes private property, advocating for collective ownership and control of resources to ensure societal well-being.

A group of individuals who work together to produce goods and divide profits based on individual contributions.

He established a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana, USA, with the goal of creating a more equitable and collaborative society.

They aimed to promote social well-being by ensuring that the benefits of productive property were shared equitably among all members of society.

A group of socialist organizations across Europe formed in the 1870s to coordinate their efforts.

Socialists wanted government intervention to support cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises, believing individual effort was insufficient for large-scale cooperative success.

Louis Blanc advocated for government support to establish worker-owned cooperatives in France, aiming to replace capitalist businesses.

Workers in England and Germany formed associations to improve their working conditions, seeking better pay, shorter work hours, and the right to vote.

Karl Marx believed industrial society was inherently capitalist, with capitalists controlling factories and profiting from workers' labor.

The Social Democratic Party in Germany worked closely with these workers' associations.

The Second International was a significant step towards organizing the socialist movement across Europe.

Marx argued that worker wages and conditions couldn't improve under capitalism because all profits went to capitalists.

Marx believed workers should overthrow capitalism and private property to create a socialist society with social control of all property, aiming to free workers from capitalist exploitation.

Socialist ideas were spreading through European countries, leading workers to form associations and demand change.

A period of time between March and May 1871 when the people of Paris took control of their city, ousting the government in favor of a 'people's government'.

The red flag was adopted by the revolutionaries of the Paris Commune as a symbol of their movement.

The Marseillaise, a patriotic song originally written in 1792, became a symbol of the struggle for liberty during the Paris Commune.

The Russian Empire before the revolution consisted of a vast territory encompassing Finland, parts of Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and even extended to the Pacific.

The Paris Commune was ultimately crushed by the French government troops.

Russian Orthodox Christianity was the dominant religion, but other faiths like Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, and Buddhism also existed within the empire.

Agriculture was the primary source of livelihood, employing about 85% of the population. Russia was a major exporter of grain.

Workers were a diverse group, divided by skills, origins, and social status. Metal workers were highly valued due to their training, and women, although comprising a significant portion of factory labor, earned less than men.

The crown and the Orthodox Church held significant property and landownership, making them powerful and influential entities in Russian society.

Although Russian peasants differed greatly from their European counterparts, they did not respect nobility. Nobles gained power from the Tsar, unlike nobles in France, who had popular support. Russian peasants often refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords, demonstrating their unrest.

The 1905 Revolution in Russia was sparked by worker unrest, student protests, and the demand for greater civil liberties.

After the 1905 Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II established a consultative parliament called the Duma. However, the Duma lacked real power, and the Tsar dissolved it several times.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 triggered World War I. The assassination was a catalyst for long-existing tensions between European powers.

The Central Powers were a military alliance during World War I. They comprised Germany, Austria, and later included Turkey.

The 1905 Revolution was a significant event in Russia's history. It highlighted the discontent among the working class and the Tsar's unwillingness to grant true political reform.

Initially, support for Tsar Nicholas II was high due to the war's popularity. However, his refusal to consult with the Duma, combined with opposition sentiments, weakened support. Negative sentiments were fueled by the anti-German sentiment, renaming St. Petersburg to Petrograd, and concerns surrounding the Tsarina's German origins and her questionable advisors, particularly Rasputin.

The Eastern Front in WWI saw more movement and larger battles resulting in significant casualties, unlike the Western Front, which involved trench warfare.

Russia suffered significant military defeats, including heavy losses in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916, creating a demoralizing effect and resulting in over 7 million casualties by 1917. The Russian army destroyed crops and buildings during its retreat, leading to over 3 million refugees. This destruction discredited the Tsarist government and the military.

Russia's industrial capabilities were limited, and access to industrial supplies from other countries was cut off due to German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment deteriorated, and railroad networks began to break down. Large-scale conscription for the armed forces led to labor shortages, causing small workshops producing vital war supplies to close down.

High demand for provisions for the army significantly reduced the availability of basic food supplies in cities, leading to food shortages and bread riots by the winter of 1916.

A political system where the ruler has absolute power and is not subject to any parliament or constitution.

The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, a socialist party in Russia, was divided into two factions: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. They disagreed on the best strategy for organizing the party.

A group within the RSDWP, led by Vladimir Lenin, pushing for a disciplined and centralized party with strict membership control in a repressive regime like Tsarist Russia.

Another group within the RSDWP, believing that the party should be open to all, mirroring the German model of socialist organization.

The Socialist Revolutionary Party was a group of socialist revolutionaries in Russia who believed that peasants, not workers, would be the driving force of the revolution.

The Socialist Revolutionary Party believed that the traditional Russian practice of periodically dividing land among peasants made them natural socialists. They thought Russia could quickly become a socialist society.

Vladimir Lenin, a key figure in the RSDWP, argued that peasants were not a homogeneous group. He believed they could not be part of a socialist movement due to differences in their economic status and roles.