Política y Economía de India y EE.UU.

INSTITUCIONES INTERNACIONALES

• China's influence is increasing internationally through its own institutions, surpassing some US institutions. China is investing more monetary capacity in these projects, like the Belt and Road Initiative.
• China seeks to incorporate more countries into its system to counter US leadership.
• China needs large foreign and domestic reserves to support its currency's international credibility. The US dollar's universal acceptance reduces its comparable need.
• Mexico's reserves exceed those of the US due to monetary stability concerns.
• European central banks hold approximately 400 billion Euros in reserves. The euro, though less dominant than the dollar, has sufficient international credibility to lessen the need for large reserves.
• Cryptocurrencies pose a challenge to the US dollar. Their widespread use could reduce global dependence on the US dollar.

INVERSIÓN MILITAR

• The US spends a vast amount on maintaining hundreds of international military bases. Russia, in contrast, maintains fewer bases.
• The US military industrial complex is vital to its economy. Arms production generates jobs and wealth, thus potentially incentivizing conflicts.
• The US Navy played a pivotal role in establishing US influence across the Pacific.

COMERCIO

• China leads global trade, followed by the US.
• India's trade is rapidly growing.
• Europe experiences competitiveness issues due to heavy regulations.
• India is the world's largest producer of pharmaceuticals.
• Trump's trade policies aimed to reduce US corporate taxes while imposing tariffs on foreign goods, notably from China. These actions had a negative effect on the US economy.

RECURSOS NATURALES

• The US is self-sufficient in oil, and is the largest producer of oil globally, followed by Russia.

FRACKING

• Fracking, a controversial technique, allows for extracting natural gas and oil, but at a high pollution cost. This method was promoted to ensure energy independence for the US.

CHINA

• China is reducing its consumption of oil and natural gas, shifting toward renewable energy.
• China controls a significant portion (67%) of rare earth mineral production, vital for many technologies.

AMAZONÍA

• The Amazon rainforest is the world's largest forest. Its continued deforestation represents an issue for climate change mitigation.

INDIA

• India was created after a division with Pakistan based on religious differences.
• A complex caste system adds to India's societal challenges.
• India is the largest democracy, but it faces accusations of authoritarian practices under Narendra Modi's leadership.
• Poverty and a fragile financial system hinder infrastructure development and service provision.
• India's economy is rapidly growing, with GDP growth approaching 7% per year.
• India is a large market due to its vast population, though average purchasing power remains limited.

POLÍTICA EXTERIOR ESTADOUNIDENSE

• US policy goals include security, prosperity, and a better world.
• The US Constitution establishes a balance of powers between the President, Congress, and Judiciary.
• The Monroe Doctrine, adopted in 1823, discouraged European intervention in the Americas while supporting US interests there.

BRETTON WOODS

• Bretton Woods (1944), a meeting of Allied nations, established mechanisms for stabilizing the global economy. New institutions emerged, including the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
• The US dollar was established as the global reserve currency, initially backed by gold, though this later changed to a fiat system.
• Challenges to institutions such as the WB and IMF involve the relative power of different nations and potential global economic instabilities.

Este cuestionario explora las críticas a la democracia india bajo Narendra Modi, así como características de la economía india contemporánea. Además, se abarcan aspectos de la política exterior estadounidense y la Constitución, relacionando su impacto en la sociedad actual. Ideal para estudiantes interesados en política comparada y economía global.