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Questions and Answers
At what duration after TT 3 should TT 4 be given?
At what duration after TT 3 should TT 4 be given?
What is the primary host of the measles virus?
What is the primary host of the measles virus?
During which phase of measles does the rash typically appear?
During which phase of measles does the rash typically appear?
What is the recommended interval for giving booster doses of the MMR vaccine according to WHO?
What is the recommended interval for giving booster doses of the MMR vaccine according to WHO?
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What serves as a pathognomonic sign of measles?
What serves as a pathognomonic sign of measles?
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How long do patients remain infectious after the onset of the rash in measles?
How long do patients remain infectious after the onset of the rash in measles?
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What are the primary structural proteins of the measles virus important in immunity induction?
What are the primary structural proteins of the measles virus important in immunity induction?
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What is the recommended interval for giving TT 3 after TT 2 or subsequent pregnancy?
What is the recommended interval for giving TT 3 after TT 2 or subsequent pregnancy?
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What is the other name for pertussis?
What is the other name for pertussis?
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Which microorganism is the sole cause of epidemic pertussis?
Which microorganism is the sole cause of epidemic pertussis?
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What is the peak incidence age range for pertussis?
What is the peak incidence age range for pertussis?
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Who are the major reservoirs of pertussis infection?
Who are the major reservoirs of pertussis infection?
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What is the incubation period of pertussis?
What is the incubation period of pertussis?
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During which period does infectivity occur in pertussis?
During which period does infectivity occur in pertussis?
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Which season is pertussis more common in?
Which season is pertussis more common in?
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After how many years does protection begin to wane following vaccination?
After how many years does protection begin to wane following vaccination?
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What substance produced by B. pertussis plays a central multiple role in the pathogenesis and is responsible for systemic manifestations?
What substance produced by B. pertussis plays a central multiple role in the pathogenesis and is responsible for systemic manifestations?
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At which stage does the cough in pertussis become initially dry and intermittent, followed by inexorable/relentless paroxysms?
At which stage does the cough in pertussis become initially dry and intermittent, followed by inexorable/relentless paroxysms?
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What is the best diagnostic method for pertussis?
What is the best diagnostic method for pertussis?
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Which drug is preferred in neonates for the treatment of pertussis due to concerns of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
Which drug is preferred in neonates for the treatment of pertussis due to concerns of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
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What is a possible respiratory complication of pertussis?
What is a possible respiratory complication of pertussis?
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Which of the following is a clinical feature of spinal paralytic polio?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of spinal paralytic polio?
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What is the most common trigger for sudden painful muscle spasms in patients with tetanus?
What is the most common trigger for sudden painful muscle spasms in patients with tetanus?
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What is the typical cause of neonatal tetanus?
What is the typical cause of neonatal tetanus?
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What distinguishes localized tetanus from other forms of tetanus?
What distinguishes localized tetanus from other forms of tetanus?
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What is a common cause of cephalic tetanus?
What is a common cause of cephalic tetanus?
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Which diagnostic test is used to elicit the gag reflex and identify tetanus?
Which diagnostic test is used to elicit the gag reflex and identify tetanus?
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What is the recommended treatment for eradicating clostridium tetani in a wound?
What is the recommended treatment for eradicating clostridium tetani in a wound?
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Which medication is used for neutralizing circulating tetanus toxin?
Which medication is used for neutralizing circulating tetanus toxin?
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What is the recommended action regarding wound manipulation after administration of antitoxin?
What is the recommended action regarding wound manipulation after administration of antitoxin?
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What is the most frequently studied and used drug for sedation and seizure control in tetanus patients?
What is the most frequently studied and used drug for sedation and seizure control in tetanus patients?
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Which level of prevention focuses on specific protection through immunization and good antenatal care?
Which level of prevention focuses on specific protection through immunization and good antenatal care?
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What is the recommended preventive measure for women to avoid tetanus?
What is the recommended preventive measure for women to avoid tetanus?
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Which antibiotic is no longer the drug of choice for eradicating clostridium tetani due to its antagonistic effects on GABA?
Which antibiotic is no longer the drug of choice for eradicating clostridium tetani due to its antagonistic effects on GABA?
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What is the characteristic clinical feature of polio encephalitis?
What is the characteristic clinical feature of polio encephalitis?
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How is laboratory diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis usually performed?
How is laboratory diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis usually performed?
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What is the recommended long-term rehabilitation for polio patients?
What is the recommended long-term rehabilitation for polio patients?
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In spinal polio, what determines whether paralysis will be permanent or temporary?
In spinal polio, what determines whether paralysis will be permanent or temporary?
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Which toxin is responsible for the spasms in tetanus?
Which toxin is responsible for the spasms in tetanus?
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How do tetanus toxins enter the nerves in the body?
How do tetanus toxins enter the nerves in the body?
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What is the incubation period for generalized tetanus after injury?
What is the incubation period for generalized tetanus after injury?
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Which type of tetanus is characterized by early complaints of nuchal rigidity and jaw lock?
Which type of tetanus is characterized by early complaints of nuchal rigidity and jaw lock?
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In which type of poliomyelitis do we observe hypoxia & hypercapnia caused by inadequate ventilation due to respiratory insufficiency?
In which type of poliomyelitis do we observe hypoxia & hypercapnia caused by inadequate ventilation due to respiratory insufficiency?
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Match the following childhood vaccine-preventable diseases with their clinical features:
Match the following childhood vaccine-preventable diseases with their clinical features:
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Match the tetanus clinical feature with its description:
Match the tetanus clinical feature with its description:
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Match the type of tetanus with its characteristic:
Match the type of tetanus with its characteristic:
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Match the principle of tetanus treatment with its description:
Match the principle of tetanus treatment with its description:
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Match the antibiotic used for eradicating clostridium tetani with its effectiveness:
Match the antibiotic used for eradicating clostridium tetani with its effectiveness:
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Match the following diseases with their diagnostic methods:
Match the following diseases with their diagnostic methods:
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Match the following diseases with their respective pathogenic agents:
Match the following diseases with their respective pathogenic agents:
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Match the measles phase with its characteristic features:
Match the measles phase with its characteristic features:
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Match the measles prevention measure with its corresponding recommendation:
Match the measles prevention measure with its corresponding recommendation:
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Match the following pertussis clinical features with their corresponding stages:
Match the following pertussis clinical features with their corresponding stages:
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Match the following pertussis complications with their associated effects:
Match the following pertussis complications with their associated effects:
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Match the following diagnostic methods for pertussis with their identifying features:
Match the following diagnostic methods for pertussis with their identifying features:
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Match the following poliomyelitis clinical features with their corresponding types:
Match the following poliomyelitis clinical features with their corresponding types:
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Match the following poliomyelitis clinical features with their effects:
Match the following poliomyelitis clinical features with their effects:
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Study Notes
Measles
- The primary host of the measles virus is humans.
- The rash typically appears during the prodromal phase of measles.
- Koplik's spots serve as a pathognomonic sign of measles.
- Patients remain infectious for 4 days before and 4 days after the onset of the rash in measles.
Pertussis
- The other name for pertussis is whooping cough.
- The sole cause of epidemic pertussis is Bordetella pertussis.
- The peak incidence age range for pertussis is 1-5 years.
- Humans are the major reservoirs of pertussis infection.
- The incubation period of pertussis is 7-14 days.
- Infectivity occurs during the catarrhal stage of pertussis, which lasts for 2-3 weeks.
- Pertussis is more common in winter and spring.
- Protection begins to wane following vaccination after 5-10 years.
- Pertussis toxin (PT) produced by B. pertussis plays a central multiple role in the pathogenesis and is responsible for systemic manifestations.
- The cough in pertussis becomes initially dry and intermittent, followed by inexorable/relentless paroxysms during the paroxysmal stage.
- The best diagnostic method for pertussis is PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
Tetanus
- The typical cause of neonatal tetanus is umbilical stump infection.
- Localized tetanus is distinguished from other forms of tetanus by its limited involvement of a single limb or group of muscles.
- Cephalic tetanus is often caused by otitis media or a wound in the head.
- The gag reflex is used to diagnose tetanus.
- The recommended treatment for eradicating Clostridium tetani in a wound is metronidazole.
- Tetanus immune globulin is used for neutralizing circulating tetanus toxin.
- The recommended action regarding wound manipulation after administration of antitoxin is to avoid it.
- Diazepam is used for sedation and seizure control in tetanus patients.
Poliomyelitis
- The characteristic clinical feature of polio encephalitis is flaccid paralysis.
- Laboratory diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis is usually performed using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
- The recommended long-term rehabilitation for polio patients focuses on physical therapy and orthotics.
- The extent of paralysis in spinal polio is determined by the amount of neurons affected.
Vaccination and Prevention
- The recommended interval for giving TT 3 is 6-12 months after TT 2 or subsequent pregnancy.
- The recommended interval for giving booster doses of the MMR vaccine according to WHO is every 10 years.
- The recommended preventive measure for women to avoid tetanus is immunization during pregnancy.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the clinical features and diagnosis of polio, including symptoms like hypotension, shock, irregular respiratory effort and the diagnostic process for paralytic poliomyelitis in children.