Police Operations and Planning

Police Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping

• Police operations and planning with crime mapping is critical for crime detection and investigation and is highly applicable to the Philippine National Police upon graduation.
• Police operations and planning with crime mapping is divided into two episodes.
• The first episode focuses on basic police operations, like arrests, search, seashore and guidelines for checkpoints.
• The second episode covers remaining police basic operations, police planning, and crime mapping.
• A police officer is a public servant whose main responsibility is to serve and protect the community.
• Officers also perform non-law enforcement activities, such as assisting during calamities, traffic, and domestic quarrels.
• Non-law enforcement activities are performed to build trust and confidence with the community.
• This trust will boost cooperation and coordination between the community and the police.
• Without community trust, the police agency's mission to maintain peace and order will fail.
• Public trust should be amplified in everything a police officer does to counter public apathy.
• The Philippine National Police (PNP) is national in scope, with jurisdiction throughout the archipelago, as per Republic Act 851.
• As a police officer, authority remains whether assigned in Luzon, Visayas, or Mindanao.
• Authority is limited within the territorial limits of the Philippines.
• The PNP is considered civilian in character, retaining some military attributes like discipline, as embedded in Republic Act 8551.
• The PNP is not part of the military organization or the Air Force of the Philippines; it falls under the Department of Interior and Local Government.
• Police officers must adapt to being civilians while performing their duties and should resemble integrity.
• There are two core functions of a police officer: to serve and protect the public, ensuring lives and property are safeguarded.
• Protection should be channeled towards the community and not illegal or criminal syndicates.
• Protecting criminals contradicts a police officer's functions.
• Police officers are responsible for observing human rights and dignity during operations.
• The Police Operational Procedure Manual details step-by-step guidelines to respect human rights and dignity.
• Philippine National Police operations are categorized into seven categories.

Seven Categories of Police Operations

• Public safety operations involve activities centered on promoting public safety, such as fire drills, earthquake drills, and rescue operations.
• Law enforcement operations include enforcing ordinances, existing laws, statutes, and executive orders related to law implementation.
• Internal Security Operations focus on ensuring internal security within the country which often involves suppressing insurgency or cultural terrorism, like activities of the New People's Army.
• Special Police Operations involve police officers with specialized training and actions, such as hostage situations, utilizing special action forces.
• Gathering of information involves activities where the purpose is to gather intelligence: tailing, shadowing, surveillance, assessment, and research.
• Undercover assignments collect information is to secure the community.
• Investigation operations are investigative in nature covering cases like murder or homicide, but the determination of facts and circumstances also aims to file administrative cases.
• Scene of the Crime Operation involves processing crime scenes, including forensic and technical examination of evidence like latent prints or blood spatter analysis.

Police Operations Procedures

• Operations in the PNP are varied, but focus is given to arrest, search, seashore, checkpoints, patrol and other basics.
• Every police operation necessitates adhering to basic requirements.
• Marked police vehicles should be used, except in exemptions, such as entrapment or bypass operations.
• If an operation is not clandestine, marked police vehicles should be used as there is a need to use marked police vehicles in the execution of arrest.
• Operations should be led by a police commission officer.
• Every operation must be led by a police lieutenant or police captain if non-police commission officers are present.
• Personnel must wear prescribed police uniform or attire for checkpoints, the general office uniform(GOA).
• Mixed uniforms are prohibited to avoid public confusion and one uniform should be maintained during the operation.
• Exemptions to wearing prescribed police uniforms exist for clandestine activities like bypass operations or entrapment in drug transactions.

Use of Megaphones and Arrest Procedures

• Megaphones are emphasized during PNP operations.
• Police are prohibited from using warning shots during intervention operations.
• Instead, peaceful means, including megaphones, should be used to influence offenders to stop or give up.
• Motorists should not be shot at; firearms should only be used in self-defense.
• Basic police operations often involve arrests.
• Arrest involves taking a person into custody to answer for the commission of an offense.
• The person is brought in to answer accusations.
• Arrest can be warranted or by virtue of a warrant.
• Warranted arrest means arresting a person with a warrant.
• Warrantless arrest is also known as citizen's arrest.
• There are grounds in the warrantless arrest that need to be followed.
• Execution of an arrest can occur anytime.
• The head of the office delivering the warrant of arrest for execution must ensure it is executed within 10 days of receipt.
• Within 10 days report the judge who issued the warrant.
• A warrant of arrest has no expiration.
• There are required turnaround times to report to the judge who issued the warrant.
• Failure to execute the warrant due to a particular reason requires the police officer to report to the judge after 10 days.
• The warrant still has no expiration and there will be no expiration date of the warrant.
• PNP officers are required to use body-worn camera while executing a warrant.
• Administrative memorandum number 021-06-08 from the Supreme Court states that at least one body-worn camera and one alternative recording device are required to capture events during an arrest.
• The officer can file a motion to the court to use devices like cell phones as alternatives.
• The officers wearing the body-worn camera are required to notify the person being arrested that they are being recorded.
• Miranda rights must be elaborated to the arrested person.
• Information on the recording must be included during the arrest notification.
• The video and audio recording must be activated upon arrival at the scene of the arrest.
• In warrantless arrests, the same regulation must be followed.
• When an arrest shall be recorded it shall be recorded in the same manner, this is however one of the challenges right now if ordinary citizens are performing the arrest.
• The barangay should also be aware about of the new rule regarding body worn cameras.
• Whole incident for the execution should be recorded in the same manner as it would for warranted arrest, also adhering to regulations.
• Failure to observe body-worn camera regulations will not render the arrest unlawful or the evidence inadmissible.
• There are times officers fail to use the body-worn camera but there is no justifiable reason, or an officer manipulates the recording of the body-worn camera, they will be held libel for content of court.
• Contempt of court is meted out if the reason is not justifiable, or if the recording is manipulated of the officer manipulates the recording.
• Immunity from arrest applies to certain individuals, such as congressmen and senators, as representatives of the public.

Miranda Rights and Regulations

• A senator of congressman can still be arrested if he commits an offense punishable for more than 6 years and Congress or the Senate is not in session.
• According to the Supreme Court, an incumbent congressman can still be immune from arrest under certain situations.
• Sovereigns and heads of state are immune from arrests provided by international law and so are diplomatic agents officially appointed by the government of a particular country.
• The Miranda Rights should be elaborated during arrest, not just recited or memorized including a right to be informed.
• Some Miranda Rights cannot be waived like the right to be informed or foreign which means inform foreign about the cause and nature of accusation.
• The person must be notified that recording will occur during the arrest.
• There should be grounds for warrantless arrest.

Warrantless Arrest Grounds

• When in your presence the person to be arrested has committed is actually committing or is attempting to commit an offense, and this is termed as in flagrante delicto.
• An overt act indicating that he has just committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit a crime
• The overt act is done in the presence or within the view of the arresting officer.
• The arresting officer must have personal knowledge of the facts.
• The court held that the arresting officer must have personal knowledge of the facts right personal, knowledge of the facts as recent case law adverts to personal knowledge of facts or circumstances convincingly indicative or constitutive of probable cause this means that the act committed in the presence of the police officer can only initiate infla granted electro arrest once a probable.
• Probable cause exist and is based on your knowledge if a person took his knife he draw his knife and he's about to stop another guy so the act of attempting to stop another guy is already a probable cause for you to execute an in-flag grantee arrest or a warrantless arrest.
• When an offense has just been committed and he (the officer) has probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the person to be arrested has committed it
• Hot pursuit arrest is known as hot pursuit arrest and immediacy is required between the commitment or the event and when the arrest was made.
• There has to be a sense of urgency on the situation to execute an arrest.
• Spotting a robbery scenario requires urgency to respond.
• Hot pursuit arrest can be made or this one atlas arrest can be made now the question right now is how long is the time gap between the commission of an offense and the time of arrest for hot pursuit arrest to become valid.
• Hot pursuit or hot pursuit arrest to become valid must be executed on the same day this is in accordance to the people of the philippines versus person a murdered or killed person b and person a the suspect escaped from the crime.
• If not possible, then immediately after the offense has been committed is valid.
• The rule is that the rule that arrest made it should be should be executed on the same day.
• If cannot be done within 24 hours a warrant will need to be procured in order to execute..
• When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or is temporarily confined while this case is pending or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement to another, he can be arrested with without a warrant.
• Issuing an invitation to a person who is investigated is called the custodial investigation the suspect is to have committed.
• A police officer has the duty to observe Miranda Rights and it should be explained to the suspect.

Search, Seashore, and Warrants

• Rights of the accused under custodial investigation are embodied in Republic Act 7438.
• Search and seashore are two police basic operations.
• Search is an infringement of an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy.
• As applied to law enforcement there should be an infringement of privacy the word search in here is not a letter it does not connote a literal meaning.
• Seizure is the detention of an individual or her property and removing that property from the control of the citizen or in effect taking control of the individual.
• Searching a particular property and in searching inside a residence or a house or a building we need search warrant because in article 3 of the bill of rights in 1987.
• There should be no search unless there is a warrant that is procured from the court.
• A search warrant is an order in writing coming from a judge commanding a police officer to search a particular property describe okay.
• The property should only be described.
• Search has two modes which is by virtue of the other one is warrantless search so warranted.
• Search warrant has no expiration whereas warrant for search has the opposite has expiration because the validity of
• The warrant is only 10 days so if the police officer fails to execute within 10 days automatically the warrant shall be considered as nullified.
• The police officer who execute the warrant should file a report with the court who issued warrant as to the time of making for making the search.
• The warrant must be served at a daytime and there is an exemption an exemption is that if the police but there is an exemption also.
• If execution of an affidavit is needed then it can happen during night time.
• Officers using search warrant now needed body-worn cameras.
• During search it is required to have at least one body worn camera and one alternative recording device a minimum of two devices to capture the event during the search.
• When making a search the officer should state they are recording unlike arrest, and Miranda Rights don't need to be stated.
• The video and audio recording shall be activated upon the arrival at the scene to be searched it should not be activated before it should be activated uh when police.
• Failure to observe body-worn camera will render inadmissible and that body-worn camera should have had a justifiable reason for why it did not happen if the case went to court.
• Seized items will have to be issued a property receipt.
• A property receipt has to be given in front of two witnesses that aren't minors.
• One of these search should also have 3 faults which include warranty search incidental to a lawful arrest.
• Section 13 rule 126 uh rules of court it states that a person lawfully arrested may be searched for dangerous weapons or anything which may have been used or constitute proof in the commission of an offense without a search warrant the reasons of this search are three faults one to confiscate weapons from the arrested person which the latter might use to
• Prevent a person from destroying a weapon, and thirdly to confiscate weapons that might be used as means of escaping with tools and this does not need a search warrant in order to make.
• Person can not walk the street when not notified by the police and there must be probable.

Principles of search

• "The Search of evidence through plane view" and "to conform first on the following elements okay and these elements should be remembered".
• Police can not intrude unless warranty search is not covered under plain.
• What is inadvertently discovered by place by the police who have the right to be where the are also counts.
• "The particular evidence is just placed on top of the table" and will therefore qualify the secant guideline okay inadvertently discovered by the police.
• Cops can confiscate even without a search warrant.
• Cabos cannot be used as admissi as evidence in the court but was obtained not in a plain.
• In checkpoint police of officers should not be opening u boxes and that contraband cant be.
• There should also be a probable cause.

Warrantless search or Search and seizure

• Consent for consensual search so consented warrant research refers to the act of relinquishing or abundantly the right against search which must be seen that a consent will not be taken without the consent must have knowledge.
• There's a person who is supposed to be searched.
• Search is illegal when there is no knowledge.
• "Intimidation" which may occur based on Police figures.
• Police should also know they act under " plain view doctrine".
• Cops also shouldn't rely on suspicious circumstances.
• There is also the idea of stopping and trying to frisk, this should not be abused.

Guidelines on Checkpoints

• Checkpoints are connected to searches.
• In the Philippine national police handbook which was edited in the year 2013 it reflects the composition of the checkpoint okay so canada the one who leads the checkpoint spotter is one who will profile the vehicle meaning the spotter will be the one to sega oh sir uh suspiciousness spokesperson it could be the team leader or the member is in charge in other words check first..
• Documentation of possible incidents within checkpoints during investigations is important and a traffic violation report can help aid in this.
• The following must be conducted during an an arrest: Traffic seat, and the arrest are under or searches that are handed it.
• Must be a mobile or official vehicle, can be used.
• Must follow "orders".
• There should be a courteous tone.
• Officers that don't should have a kind and thankful tone.
• Officers shouldn't act as if "superior" or that they are "high above".
• There must be a belief to allow the officers to make searches and also to be a part of a search in a motor vehicle and police should do plane view inspect so in .
• There should be no forcing, because it is their right.
• People also can't, or bribe officers passing by during a checkpoint and the driver even just a bit,.