Questions and Answers
What technology did detectives use in 2000 to discover that both women were murdered by the same man?
DNA technology
What method did police begin using in 2019 to identify the suspect's family group?
Familial DNA searching
What is the source of police officers' knowledge about the use/application of discretion?
Common law
Out of Toronto’s 700 cold cases, how many cases are thought to have DNA recovered at the scene belonging to Joseph George Sutherland?
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What are the grounds needed to justify investigative detention?
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What are the factors influencing an officer's discretion?
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What can undermine the Criminal Code and create inconsistencies in the legal system?
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What is considered prima facie unreasonable?
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What case outlines the grounds needed to justify the search of a person being detained for investigative purposes?
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What type of discrimination is defined as direct, indirect, and systemic?
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What can have a negative impact on diverse cultural backgrounds?
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What allows police and the community to cooperate in deciding how laws will be enforced?
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What is the standard required to justify warrantless searches?
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What can influence how officers use discretion?
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What can influence an officer’s decision to lay charges?
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What are the pros of police discretion?
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Who has absolute confidentiality, according to the text?
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Who holds the informer privilege, as per the text?
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When is information from a confidential informer admissible?
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What does the Deboot Test involve?
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What must police be able to ensure regarding seized items?
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Which type of search warrant is the most common for physical items that are evidence of an offense?
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What is included in specialty search warrants, according to the text?
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What is CC Form 1, according to the text?
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Which pages of the textbook discuss a scenario and sample ITO for a search warrant?
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What are the influences on police discretion, according to the text?
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What environmental factors influence police discretion?
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What does the 'nexus of search' relate to?
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What does the '3 Part Test' in R v. Belliveau require?
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When can CC search warrants be executed?
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Under what circumstances can strip searches be conducted in the field?
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Who has the authority to search students or their lockers?
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What is the role of discretion in police decision-making?
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What is the significance of experience for a police officer's decision-making?
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When should cavity searches be conducted?
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What are the factors that can influence a police officer’s approach to enforcing laws?
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What are the definitions of 'night' and 'day' important for?
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What is the ruling regarding the execution of CDSA search warrants?
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What is the 'nexus of search' related to?
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Study Notes
Police Officer Decision-Making and Search Warrants
- Administrative factors can influence a police officer’s approach to enforcing laws.
- Individual factors such as personal beliefs, biases, and experience can affect how police officers respond to threats and make decisions on charging individuals.
- The "nexus of search" relates to the direct relationship between the offense, evidence needed, and location for a search warrant application.
- Discretion allows police officers to decide whether to engage the judicial process or pursue alternate courses of action.
- Experience as a police officer can change an officer's view on offenses and influence their discretionary decision-making.
- The "3 Part Test" in R v. Belliveau requires a lawful entry, inadvertent discovery, and obviousness of the evidence in plain view.
- All searches should be conducted thoroughly.
- R v Golden ruling stated that strip searches in the field should generally be conducted at the police station unless there are urgent circumstances.
- Cavity searches must be conducted at a hospital by a doctor with consent or a valid search warrant.
- The definitions of "night" and "day" are important for the execution of search warrants, with most warrants executed during the day.
- CC search warrants can be executed at night if there are reasonable grounds, while CDSA search warrants can be executed at any time.
- School officials have the authority to search students or their lockers if there are reasonable grounds to believe a violation has occurred.
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