Polarography and Mercury Electrodes

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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of using mercury as an electrode material in polarography?

  • High conductivity and low cost
  • Resistance to corrosion and high durability
  • Large voltage window and reproducible surface (correct)
  • Ability to measure a wide range of pH levels

Who invented polarography and was awarded the Nobel prize for it?

  • Jaroslav Heyrovský (correct)
  • Albert Einstein
  • Niels Bohr
  • Marie Curie

What type of voltammetry uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) as the working electrode?

  • Polarography (correct)
  • Amperometry
  • Potentiometry
  • Coulometry

In which decade was polarography supplanted by other methods that did not require the use of mercury?

<p>1990s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can polarography be used to determine in liquids?

<p>Concentrations of electroactive species by measuring mass-transport limiting currents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) as the working electrode in polarography?

<p>Wide cathodic ranges and renewable surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is mercury considered well-suited for studying electroreduction reactions in polarography?

<p>It provides a large voltage window (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the electrode surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) maintained in polarography?

<p>By making a new drop of mercury from a large Hg pool connected by a glass capillary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did polarography play a major role as an experimental tool until the 1990s?

<p>It was supplanted by other methods that did not require the use of mercury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be determined using polarography in its most simple form?

<p>Concentrations of electroactive species in liquids by measuring their mass-transport limiting currents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was C++ first released?

<p>1985 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization standardizes C++?

<p>International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the latest standard version of C++ as of December 2020?

<p>ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (C++20) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key strengths of C++?

<p>Software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who created the C++ programming language?

<p>Bjarne Stroustrup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Polarography

  • The main advantage of using mercury as an electrode material is its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution, which allows for the detection of cations and anions at more positive potentials.
  • Jaroslav Heyrovský invented polarography and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959.
  • Polarography is a type of voltammetry that uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) as the working electrode.
  • The main advantage of using a DME or SMDE is the continuous renewal of the electrode surface, which allows for a high degree of reproducibility and sensitivity.
  • Mercury is well-suited for studying electroreduction reactions due to its high hydrogen overpotential, allowing for the detection of cations and anions at more positive potentials.
  • The electrode surface of a DME or SMDE is maintained by continuously dropping new mercury droplets or by using a static mercury drop, which ensures a clean and reproducible surface.
  • Polarography played a major role as an experimental tool until the 1990s due to its high sensitivity, simplicity, and ability to detect a wide range of analytes.
  • In its most simple form, polarography can be used to determine the presence and concentration of ions and molecules in liquids.

C++ Programming Language

  • C++ was first released in 1985.
  • The C++ programming language is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
  • As of December 2020, the latest standard version of C++ is C++20.
  • The key strengths of C++ include its performance, reliability, and flexibility, making it a popular choice for systems programming and game development.
  • Bjarne Stroustrup created the C++ programming language.

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