15 Questions
What is the main advantage of using mercury as an electrode material in polarography?
Large voltage window and reproducible surface
Who invented polarography and was awarded the Nobel prize for it?
Jaroslav Heyrovský
What type of voltammetry uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) as the working electrode?
Polarography
In which decade was polarography supplanted by other methods that did not require the use of mercury?
1990s
What can polarography be used to determine in liquids?
Concentrations of electroactive species by measuring mass-transport limiting currents
What is the main advantage of using a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) as the working electrode in polarography?
Wide cathodic ranges and renewable surfaces
Why is mercury considered well-suited for studying electroreduction reactions in polarography?
It provides a large voltage window
How is the electrode surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) maintained in polarography?
By making a new drop of mercury from a large Hg pool connected by a glass capillary
Why did polarography play a major role as an experimental tool until the 1990s?
It was supplanted by other methods that did not require the use of mercury
What can be determined using polarography in its most simple form?
Concentrations of electroactive species in liquids by measuring their mass-transport limiting currents
When was C++ first released?
1985
Which organization standardizes C++?
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
What is the latest standard version of C++ as of December 2020?
ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (C++20)
What are the key strengths of C++?
Software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications
Who created the C++ programming language?
Bjarne Stroustrup
Study Notes
Polarography
- The main advantage of using mercury as an electrode material is its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution, which allows for the detection of cations and anions at more positive potentials.
- Jaroslav Heyrovský invented polarography and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959.
- Polarography is a type of voltammetry that uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) as the working electrode.
- The main advantage of using a DME or SMDE is the continuous renewal of the electrode surface, which allows for a high degree of reproducibility and sensitivity.
- Mercury is well-suited for studying electroreduction reactions due to its high hydrogen overpotential, allowing for the detection of cations and anions at more positive potentials.
- The electrode surface of a DME or SMDE is maintained by continuously dropping new mercury droplets or by using a static mercury drop, which ensures a clean and reproducible surface.
- Polarography played a major role as an experimental tool until the 1990s due to its high sensitivity, simplicity, and ability to detect a wide range of analytes.
- In its most simple form, polarography can be used to determine the presence and concentration of ions and molecules in liquids.
C++ Programming Language
- C++ was first released in 1985.
- The C++ programming language is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
- As of December 2020, the latest standard version of C++ is C++20.
- The key strengths of C++ include its performance, reliability, and flexibility, making it a popular choice for systems programming and game development.
- Bjarne Stroustrup created the C++ programming language.
Test your knowledge of polarography and mercury electrodes with this quiz. Learn about the inventor, Jaroslav Heyrovský, and the advantages of using mercury as an electrode material.
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