Polarization and Double Refraction Concepts

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What happens to the ordinary and extraordinary waves at normal incidence in a crystal?

They interfere destructively, canceling each other out.

They travel in parallel directions with different velocities. (correct)

They separate into two distinct beams.

They merge into a single beam with no path difference.

Which equation represents the extraordinary ray's amplitude in terms of the incident amplitude and phase difference?

x = A sin(𝜃) sin(ωt)

x = A cos(𝜃) sin(ωt)

x = A cos(𝜃) sin(ωt + δ) (correct)

x = A sin(𝜃) sin(ωt + δ)

How is the amplitude of the ordinary ray expressed in the content?

A cos(θ) cos(ωt)

A cos(𝜃) sin(ωt + δ)

A sin(𝜃) sin(ωt) (correct)

A sin(θ) cos(ωt)

What is the relationship between x and y based on the equations provided?

x/y = cos(δ) + √(1 - y2/b2) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the angle θ have on the amplitudes of the ordinary and extraordinary rays?

It determines both amplitudes, introducing a phase difference. Signup and view all the answers

In the derived equations for x and y, what represents the phase difference?

δ Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of polarized light is utilized in quarter wave and half wave plates?

The different velocities and phase shifts of the ordinary and extraordinary rays. Signup and view all the answers

What is denoted as A in the context of the incident plane polarized light?

The amplitude of the incident plane polarized light. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'unpolarised light' characterized by?

Vibrations in all directions Signup and view all the answers

Which method of polarization involves Malus's discovery?

Polarisation by reflection Signup and view all the answers

What happens to unpolarised light when it passes through crystal A?

Only vibrations parallel to the crystal's axis are transmitted Signup and view all the answers

When unpolarised light passes through a series of thin glass plates, what percentage of vibrations typically reflects?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'ordinary ray' in double refraction?

The ray that vibrates in a plane parallel to the crystal axis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of polarization, what is the 'plane of vibration'?

The direction of all polarized vibrations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods does not lead to polarization?

Scattering Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of polarization by double refraction?

Two refracted rays are produced that are orthogonal Signup and view all the answers

What does the tangent plane CO represent in the context of the O-ray?

Position of the O-wave front Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the relationship between the velocities of the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray?

$V_e = \frac{V_a}{\mu_e}$ Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when O and E waves coincide at all instants under normal incidence?

There is no double refraction Signup and view all the answers

In the case where the optic axis is perpendicular to the refracting surface, what happens during oblique incidence?

The two wave fronts touch at a point Signup and view all the answers

What direction does the line AP represent in the oblique incidence scenario?

Direction of the optic axis Signup and view all the answers

How do the O and E rays behave in the case where the optic axis is parallel to the refracting face under oblique incidence?

They travel with different velocities along different directions Signup and view all the answers

Which plane represents the wave front of the E waves intersecting at point E?

Plane CE Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the tangent planes OOl and EEl in normal incidence?

They represent the wave fronts of O and E rays respectively Signup and view all the answers

What does a beam passing through a quarter wave plate and subsequently an N-prism indicate if it extinguishes completely twice during rotation?

The beam is circularly polarized. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic behavior of elliptically polarized light when passed through a rotating N-prism?

Its intensity varies from maximum to minimum. Signup and view all the answers

What further phase difference do the O-ray and E-ray undergo when elliptically polarized light passes through a quarter wave plate?

$rac{ ext{π}}{2}$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Babinet's compensator?

To introduce a desired path difference for varying wavelengths. Signup and view all the answers

What condition should be avoided when light is incident on a QWP to ensure it emerges elliptically polarized?

At 45 degrees to the optic axis. Signup and view all the answers

After passing elliptically polarized light through a quarter wave plate, if the beam remains elliptically polarized, what does that imply?

The incident beam was partially polarized. Signup and view all the answers

How can you distinguish between circularly polarized light and unpolarized light after passing through a quarter wave plate?

Only circularly polarized light will extinguish completely upon rotation. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of light polarization, what indicates that a beam is partially polarized when observed through an N-prism?

The beam shows some variation in intensity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the least thickness of the quartz plate required for plane polarized light to emerge plane polarized?

2.778 × 10−5 m Signup and view all the answers

How is the thickness of a calcite plate for circularly polarized light calculated?

Using the difference of refractive indices and wavelength. Signup and view all the answers

What is the required thickness of a calcite plate to convert plane polarized light into circularly polarized light?

8.565 × 10−7 m Signup and view all the answers

What is the optical path difference produced by a crystal plate if the thickness is 1.5 × 10−5 m?

1.5 × 10−7 m Signup and view all the answers

For circularly polarized light, what is the formula for calculating the thickness of a plate?

t = λ / 4(μe − μ0) Signup and view all the answers

What is the rotation of the plane of polarization in a substance if the wavelength is 5890 × 10−10 m?

7.62 × 10−8 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects the optical path difference in a crystal plate?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a light beam will become circularly polarized when passing through a material?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between phase difference and path difference in a wave?

Phase difference is proportional to path difference. Signup and view all the answers

How is the wavelength calculated from phase difference and path difference?

Wavelength can be determined using the formula λ = t(μL - μR) / φ. Signup and view all the answers

When given a concentration of a solution and the length of the polarimeter tube, how is the rotation of the plane of polarization calculated?

Rotation is calculated as the product of specific rotation, length, and concentration. Signup and view all the answers

If a polarimeter tube produces an optical rotation of 240 with a specific rotation of S, what quantity is needed to determine S?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase difference when the path difference is 5890 x 10-10 and the thickness of the material is 2m in given conditions?

0.8125 radians. Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a sugar solution with a concentration of 100 kgm-3, what does the specific rotation of the sugar represent?

The ratio of angle rotated to the concentration and length. Signup and view all the answers

When calculating the rotation of the plane of polarization in a polarimeter, what incorrectly describes the process?

The specific rotation has no impact on the measured rotation. Signup and view all the answers

If a solution has a specific rotation of 0.750 kg-1m2 and its concentration is given, what information would not change the calculation of the plane rotation?

Material the tube is made from. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Polarization of Light

Polarization is a property of waves, specifically light waves, indicating the direction of their oscillations
Light waves exhibit transverse nature, meaning vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of travel
Unpolarized light has vibrations in all directions, while polarized light has vibrations in a specific direction
Techniques for obtaining polarized light include reflection, refraction, double refraction, and selective absorption.

Double Refraction in Uniaxial Crystals

Uniaxial crystals have one optic axis, a line along which no double refraction occurs
These crystals, like calcite and quartz, transmit light as two rays: ordinary (obeying Snell's law) and extraordinary (not obeying Snell's law)
The ordinary ray's speed is constant in all directions, while the extraordinary ray's speed varies with the direction relative to the optic axis
The direction along which no double refraction takes place is called optic axis.

Positive and Negative Crystals

Positive crystals: The extraordinary ray travels slower than the ordinary ray
Negative crystals: The extraordinary ray travels faster than the ordinary ray

Principal Refractive Indices

In uniaxial crystals, two principal refractive indices exist: one for the ordinary ray (μo) and one for the extraordinary ray (μe)
μo represents the refractive index for the ordinary ray, which is the same in all directions
μe represents the refractive index for the extraordinary ray, which varies with the direction relative to the optic axis

Plane, Circularly, and Elliptically Polarized Light

Plane-polarized light vibrates in a single plane
Circularly-polarized light vibrates in a circle
Elliptically-polarized light vibrates in an ellipse

Quarter-Wave Plate

Used to convert plane-polarized light into circularly-polarized light
Introduces a phase difference of π/2 between ordinary and extraordinary rays

Half-Wave Plate

Used to convert plane-polarized light into plane-polarized light with the polarization plane rotated
Introduces a phase difference of π between ordinary and extraordinary rays

Babinet Compensator

An optical device for producing and analyzing elliptically polarized light
Allows for the introduction of variable phase differences between ordinary and extraordinary rays

Optical Activity

Certain substances (like sugar solutions) rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them
Dextrorotatory substances rotate the plane of polarization clockwise, while levorotatory substances rotate the plane of polarization counterclockwise
Fresnal's explanation: optical rotation arises from the different speeds of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light

Specific Rotation

A measure of the degree of optical rotation for a given substance
Depends on the length and concentration of the solution, the wavelength of light, and temperature

Laurent's Half-shade Polarimeter

Used to measure the specific rotation of optically active substances
Uses a half-shade device to compensate for differences in light intensity, enabling precise measurements of rotation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the principles of light polarization and the behavior of light in uniaxial crystals. Learn about the transverse nature of light waves, different methods of obtaining polarized light, and how uniaxial crystals like calcite and quartz exhibit double refraction. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in optics.

Polarization and Double Refraction Concepts

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

What happens to the ordinary and extraordinary waves at normal incidence in a crystal?

Which equation represents the extraordinary ray's amplitude in terms of the incident amplitude and phase difference?

How is the amplitude of the ordinary ray expressed in the content?

What is the relationship between x and y based on the equations provided?

What effect does the angle θ have on the amplitudes of the ordinary and extraordinary rays?

In the derived equations for x and y, what represents the phase difference?

What characteristic of polarized light is utilized in quarter wave and half wave plates?

What is denoted as A in the context of the incident plane polarized light?

What is 'unpolarised light' characterized by?

Which method of polarization involves Malus's discovery?

What happens to unpolarised light when it passes through crystal A?

When unpolarised light passes through a series of thin glass plates, what percentage of vibrations typically reflects?

What is indicated by the term 'ordinary ray' in double refraction?

In the context of polarization, what is the 'plane of vibration'?

Which of the following methods does not lead to polarization?

What is the result of polarization by double refraction?

What does the tangent plane CO represent in the context of the O-ray?

Which equation represents the relationship between the velocities of the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray?

What occurs when O and E waves coincide at all instants under normal incidence?

In the case where the optic axis is perpendicular to the refracting surface, what happens during oblique incidence?

What direction does the line AP represent in the oblique incidence scenario?

How do the O and E rays behave in the case where the optic axis is parallel to the refracting face under oblique incidence?

Which plane represents the wave front of the E waves intersecting at point E?

What is indicated by the tangent planes OOl and EEl in normal incidence?

What does a beam passing through a quarter wave plate and subsequently an N-prism indicate if it extinguishes completely twice during rotation?

What is the characteristic behavior of elliptically polarized light when passed through a rotating N-prism?

What further phase difference do the O-ray and E-ray undergo when elliptically polarized light passes through a quarter wave plate?

What is the purpose of the Babinet's compensator?

What condition should be avoided when light is incident on a QWP to ensure it emerges elliptically polarized?

After passing elliptically polarized light through a quarter wave plate, if the beam remains elliptically polarized, what does that imply?

How can you distinguish between circularly polarized light and unpolarized light after passing through a quarter wave plate?

In the context of light polarization, what indicates that a beam is partially polarized when observed through an N-prism?

What is the least thickness of the quartz plate required for plane polarized light to emerge plane polarized?

How is the thickness of a calcite plate for circularly polarized light calculated?

What is the required thickness of a calcite plate to convert plane polarized light into circularly polarized light?

What is the optical path difference produced by a crystal plate if the thickness is 1.5 × 10−5 m?

For circularly polarized light, what is the formula for calculating the thickness of a plate?

What is the rotation of the plane of polarization in a substance if the wavelength is 5890 × 10−10 m?

Which of the following factors affects the optical path difference in a crystal plate?

What determines whether a light beam will become circularly polarized when passing through a material?

What is the relationship between phase difference and path difference in a wave?

How is the wavelength calculated from phase difference and path difference?

When given a concentration of a solution and the length of the polarimeter tube, how is the rotation of the plane of polarization calculated?

If a polarimeter tube produces an optical rotation of 240 with a specific rotation of S, what quantity is needed to determine S?

What is the phase difference when the path difference is 5890 x 10-10 and the thickness of the material is 2m in given conditions?

In the case of a sugar solution with a concentration of 100 kgm-3, what does the specific rotation of the sugar represent?

When calculating the rotation of the plane of polarization in a polarimeter, what incorrectly describes the process?

If a solution has a specific rotation of 0.750 kg-1m2 and its concentration is given, what information would not change the calculation of the plane rotation?

Study Notes

Polarization of Light

Double Refraction in Uniaxial Crystals

Positive and Negative Crystals

Principal Refractive Indices

Plane, Circularly, and Elliptically Polarized Light

Quarter-Wave Plate

Half-Wave Plate

Babinet Compensator

Optical Activity

Specific Rotation

Laurent's Half-shade Polarimeter

Studying That Suits You

Related Documents

Description

More Like This

Polarization Quiz

Exploring Wave Optics: Diffraction, Interference, Polarization, Huygen...

Polarization of Light

Polarization of Light Quiz