Questions and Answers
What is a polar covalent bond?
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms.
What is a nonpolar molecule?
A molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends.
If a molecule has polar covalent bonds and 2 atoms, it is polar.
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What molecular shapes of covalent bonds are polar?
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What type of molecular shape indicates a nonpolar covalent bond in 3+ atoms?
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What is the polarity of CF4 (Carbon Tetrafluoride)?
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Why is BF3 nonpolar but NF3 is polar?
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What is the electron configuration for BF3?
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What is the name of the compound Fe(OH)3?
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What is the name of the compound NaBr?
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What is the name of the compound CF4?
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What is the name of the compound N2O3?
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What is the name of the compound N2O5?
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What is the name of the ion PO4^3-?
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What are the names of the ions F^- and Cl^-?
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What are the names of the ions S^2- and O^2-?
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What is the name of the ion SO4^2-?
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What is the name of the ion NH4+?
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What is the name of the ion NO3-?
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What are the names of the ions N3- and P3-?
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What is the name of the ion CO3^2-?
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What is the name of the ion H2PO4-?
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What is the name of the ion HCO3-?
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What is an isotope?
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What is atomic mass?
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What is mass number?
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What are the four types of radioactive decay?
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What defines the atomic number?
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What is a cation?
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What is an anion?
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What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
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What is an alpha particle?
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What is a nuclear equation?
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What does higher frequency correspond to?
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What does lower frequency correspond to?
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What does lower energy correspond to?
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What is radioactive decay?
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In the equation ^a/z X, what does a represent?
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In the equation ^a/z X, what does X represent?
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In the equation ^a/z X, what does z represent?
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In the equation ^243/95 Am --> ^4/2He + X, what is X?
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What is mass number also referred to as?
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What is the atomic number?
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Which of the four are isotopes: 14/6A, 14/7B, 15/7C or 15/8D?
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Select the isotopes: 20/10E, 21/10F, 22/10G, 23/11H.
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Study Notes
Polar and Nonpolar Bonds
- Polar Covalent Bond: Occurs between atoms with differing electronegativities; shared electrons are closer to the more electronegative atom, resulting in partial charges.
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared equally between two atoms with similar electronegativities.
- Nonpolar Molecule: Does not exhibit charged ends, resulting from equal sharing of electrons.
Molecular Polarity
- Trigonal Pyramidal & Bent Shapes: These molecular geometries lead to polar molecules (e.g., water, HF), due to unequal bond distribution.
- Tetrahedral & Linear Shapes: Nonpolar if the covalent bonds are identical, as seen in CF4.
Specific Molecular Examples
- CF4 (Carbon Tetrafluoride): Nonpolar due to tetrahedral shape and identical polar covalent bonds despite existing electronegativity differences.
- BF3 vs. NF3: BF3 is nonpolar because its trigonal planar shape allows equal bond distribution, while NF3 is polar due to its trigonal pyramidal shape influenced by a lone pair on nitrogen.
Electron Configuration and Compounds
- Boron in BF3: Has only 6 valence electrons, satisfying fluorine’s octets, resulting in fewer than expected.
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Common Compounds:
- Fe(OH)3: Iron (III) hydroxide
- NaBr: Sodium bromide
- CF4: Carbon tetrafluoride
- N2O3: Dinitrogen trioxide
- N2O5: Dinitrogen pentoxide
Ions and Their Names
- Common polyatomic Ions:
- PO4^3-: Phosphate
- SO4^2-: Sulfate
- NH4+: Ammonium
- NO3-: Nitrate
- CO3^2-: Carbonate
- Monatomic Ions:
- F^-: Fluoride
- Cl^-: Chloride
- S^2-: Sulfide
- O^2-: Oxide
Atomic Structure
- Isotope: Identical in protons but differing in neutrons affecting atomic mass.
- Atomic Mass: Average mass of all isotopes of an element.
- Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
- Atomic Number: Defines the element based on the number of protons.
Radioactive Decay
- Types include:
- Alpha Particle Emission
- Beta Particle Emission
- X-ray Emission
- Gamma Ray Emission
- Radioactive Decay Process: Involves decay of unstable isotopes into stable variants.
Wavelength and Frequency
- Inversely related: Shorter wavelengths equate to higher frequencies and energies, while longer wavelengths correlate with lower frequencies and energies.
Nuclear Equations
- Format: Shows atomic and mass numbers for involved particles; significant in illustrating decay processes.
Isotopes Identification
- Determine which atoms are isotopes by comparing the number of protons; for example, 14/6A, 14/7B, 15/7C, and 15/8D identify isotopes based on atomic number similarity.
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of polar and nonpolar bonds, molecular polarity, and examples of specific molecules. You'll explore concepts such as electronegativity, molecular shapes, and their effects on polarity. Prepare to dive into the world of chemical bonding!