Podstawowe pojęcia fizyki

Summary of General Physics Concepts

• Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Energy is the capacity to do work.
• Work is the transfer of energy.

Summary of Light and Optics

• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
• Light can be described as waves or particles (photons).
• Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface.
• Refraction occurs when light bends as it passes from one medium to another.
• Lenses focus or disperse light.
• Mirrors reflect light to create images.

Summary of Sound

• Sound is a form of mechanical energy that travels as waves.
• Sound waves need a medium (like air) to travel.
• Frequency determines pitch.
• Amplitude determines loudness.
• Harmonic frequencies determine tone quality.

Summary of Electricity and Magnetism

• Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter.
• Electric current is the flow of electric charge.
• Voltage (potential difference) is the difference in electric potential between two points.
• Resistance opposes the flow of electric current.
• Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance.
• Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges.
• Electromagnetic waves are formed by changing magnetic and electric fields propagating simultaneously.

Summary of Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation.
• First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time.
• Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Summary of Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics

• Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
• Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level, often using probabilistic models.
• Photons are discrete packets of energy that make up electromagnetic radiation.
• Quantization is the concept that some physical properties can only take on specific discrete values.
• Energy levels describe the allowed energy states of electrons in an atom.
• Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of light with matter.

Summary of Relativity

• Relativity is a theory that describes the relationship between space and time.
• Special relativity deals with the relationship between space and time for objects moving at constant velocities.

Summary of Nuclear Physics

• Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
• Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an unstable atomic nucleus.
• Radioactive decay follows predictable patterns.

Summary of Oscillations

• Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.
• Wave motion is a periodic disturbance that travels through a medium.
• Waves have properties such as wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

Summary of Modern Physics

• Modern physics encompasses areas of physics developed in the 20th and 21st centuries, such as relativity and quantum mechanics.
• Quantum Field Theory describes forces and particles as quantized excitations of fields.
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, meaning the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of travel.