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Questions and Answers
What is the diaphragm?
What is the diaphragm?
A curved musculo-fibrous sheet that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
What is the function of the diaphragm?
What is the function of the diaphragm?
To close the inferior thoracic aperture and serve as a major muscle of respiration
How is the diaphragm attached peripherally?
How is the diaphragm attached peripherally?
To the xiphoid process of the sternum, costal margin of the thoracic wall, ends of ribs XI and XII, ligaments spanning the posterior abdominal wall, and vertebrae of the lumbar region
What is the clinical description of the diaphragm?
What is the clinical description of the diaphragm?
What are the origins of the diaphragm?
What are the origins of the diaphragm?
How does the diaphragm project superiorly toward the thorax?
How does the diaphragm project superiorly toward the thorax?
What are the functionally distinct circulatory pathways in the lungs?
What are the functionally distinct circulatory pathways in the lungs?
From where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate?
From where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate?
Which lung has three lobes, and how many bronchopulmonary segments does it have?
Which lung has three lobes, and how many bronchopulmonary segments does it have?
What is the innervation of the visceral pleura and other structures of the lung?
What is the innervation of the visceral pleura and other structures of the lung?
Where do the bronchial arteries originate from?
Where do the bronchial arteries originate from?
What is the role of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
What is the role of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
Where do the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Where do the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs?
What is the main function of the bronchial vessels?
What is the main function of the bronchial vessels?
What are the main components of the bronchopulmonary segments?
What are the main components of the bronchopulmonary segments?
Where do the bronchial arteries interconnect within the lung?
Where do the bronchial arteries interconnect within the lung?
What is the distribution of the efferents from the vagus nerves and sympathetic system in the lung?
What is the distribution of the efferents from the vagus nerves and sympathetic system in the lung?
What are the main lymph nodes involved in the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?
What are the main lymph nodes involved in the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?
What are the two layers of the pleura?
What are the two layers of the pleura?
How is the pleural sac visually described in the text?
How is the pleural sac visually described in the text?
What are the four parts into which the pleura is divided?
What are the four parts into which the pleura is divided?
What is the pleural cavity?
What is the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What is pneumothorax?
What is pneumothorax?
What is thoracocentesis?
What is thoracocentesis?
How are the lungs described in terms of their weight?
How are the lungs described in terms of their weight?
What is the role of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?
What is the role of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?
What are the conditions that affect the pleural cavity mentioned in the text?
What are the conditions that affect the pleural cavity mentioned in the text?
What is the innervation of the pleura supplied by?
What is the innervation of the pleura supplied by?
How can pneumothorax be caused?
How can pneumothorax be caused?
What are the two major factors that cause changes in the level of the diaphragm domes?
What are the two major factors that cause changes in the level of the diaphragm domes?
At complete normal expiration in a standing person, at what level is the right hemidiaphragm dome located anteriorly?
At complete normal expiration in a standing person, at what level is the right hemidiaphragm dome located anteriorly?
Where is the left hemidiaphragm dome located at complete normal expiration in a standing person?
Where is the left hemidiaphragm dome located at complete normal expiration in a standing person?
What are the strong tendons attached to the anterolateral surfaces of the upper lumbar vertebrae?
What are the strong tendons attached to the anterolateral surfaces of the upper lumbar vertebrae?
Which arteries supply the diaphragm?
Which arteries supply the diaphragm?
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
What role does the diaphragm play in inspiration?
What role does the diaphragm play in inspiration?
During what activity does the diaphragm contract to help raise intra-abdominal pressure?
During what activity does the diaphragm contract to help raise intra-abdominal pressure?
What type of muscle fibers does the diaphragm consist of?
What type of muscle fibers does the diaphragm consist of?
What is the most likely diagnosis for the 54-year-old man with a history of smoking and presenting with acute shortness of breath and severe chest pain?
What is the most likely diagnosis for the 54-year-old man with a history of smoking and presenting with acute shortness of breath and severe chest pain?
What anatomical disorder is likely due to the long-term smoking history of the 54-year-old man?
What anatomical disorder is likely due to the long-term smoking history of the 54-year-old man?
What are the components of the hilum of each lung?
What are the components of the hilum of each lung?
How many lobes does the right lung consist of?
How many lobes does the right lung consist of?
What separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe in the right lung?
What separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe in the right lung?
What separates the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobes in the right lung?
What separates the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobes in the right lung?
What are the structures adjacent to the medial surface of the right lung?
What are the structures adjacent to the medial surface of the right lung?
How is the left lung different from the right lung in terms of lobes?
How is the left lung different from the right lung in terms of lobes?
What is the function of a bronchopulmonary segment?
What is the function of a bronchopulmonary segment?
What are the components of the bronchial tree?
What are the components of the bronchial tree?
What supports the walls of bronchi to keep them open?
What supports the walls of bronchi to keep them open?
What structures are found within each root and hilum of the lung?
What structures are found within each root and hilum of the lung?
What is the course of the right main bronchus compared to the left main bronchus?
What is the course of the right main bronchus compared to the left main bronchus?
What structures are adjacent to the medial surface of the left lung?
What structures are adjacent to the medial surface of the left lung?
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Study Notes
- Each lung has a half-cone shape with a base, apex, two surfaces, and three borders.
- The base of each lung sits on the diaphragm, the apex projects above rib I and into the root of the neck.
- The costal surface lies adjacent to the ribs, the mediastinal surface faces the mediastinum and vertebral column.
- The right lung consists of three lobes and two fissures: oblique and horizontal.
- The oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobes, follows the contour of rib VI anteriorly.
- The horizontal fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe, follows the fourth intercostal space from the sternum.
- The medial surface of the right lung is adjacent to structures like the heart, inferior and superior vena cava, azygos vein, esophagus, and right subclavian artery and vein.
- The left lung is smaller with two lobes separated by an oblique fissure, the approximate position of which can be marked by a curved line following rib VI anteriorly.
- The medial surface of the left lung is adjacent to structures like the heart, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and esophagus.
- The hilum of each lung contains structures such as a pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, primary bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
- Within each root and hilum, there's a pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, main bronchus, and their respective branches.
- Each main bronchus enters the lung and passes through the hilum, the right main bronchus is wider and takes a more vertical course.
- The bronchial tree consists of the main bronchus, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and bronchioles, which supply the respiratory surfaces.
- The walls of bronchi are held open by cartilage, but not present in bronchioles.
- A bronchopulmonary segment is the smallest, functionally independent region of a lung, each having ten segments in each lung.
- The right main bronchus is wider and takes a more vertical course, causing inhaled foreign bodies to lodge more frequently on the right side.
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