Pneumonia Treatment Options

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for prescribing Paxlovid or Molnupiravir?

A patient is admitted to the non-ICU setting with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Initial treatment options include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A patient with a known penicillin allergy requires inpatient treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the ICU. Which of the following antibiotic regimens is most appropriate?

Which beta-lactam antibiotic provides Pseudomonas coverage?

A patient is being treated for community-acquired pneumonia and is not responding to initial antibiotic therapy after 60 hours. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

For uncomplicated pneumonia patients, what is the typical duration of antibiotic treatment, assuming they respond well to the therapy?

Which antibiotic regimen is most appropriate for an adult outpatient with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and no comorbidities or risk factors for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Before discontinuing antibiotic therapy for pneumonia, a patient should be afebrile for how long?

Which of the following is a recommended preventative measure for high-risk pneumonia patients?

An adult outpatient presents with CAP and has a history of antimicrobial use within the past 90 days. Which empiric treatment would be most appropriate?

What is the recommended first-line antibiotic agent for children under 5 years old with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia?

Which of the following is the most common microbiological finding in lung abscesses?

A patient with a history of alcoholism is diagnosed with a lung abscess. Which of the following contributing factors is most likely associated with this condition?

In children aged 5-16 years with community-acquired pneumonia, which class of antibiotics is typically preferred to cover atypical pathogens like Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Which of the following antibiotic classes is typically used to treat lung abscesses to ensure coverage against anaerobic bacteria?

Why are tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones generally avoided in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia?

During influenza season, which antiviral medication is LEAST likely to be considered as an initial treatment for an outpatient presenting with pneumonia and flu-like symptoms?

What is the primary mechanism by which cystic fibrosis leads to bronchiectasis?

A patient with bronchiectasis presents with hemoptysis and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Bronchiectasis results in abnormal and permanent dilation of the bronchi. Which of the following mechanisms is least likely to contribute directly to the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?

A non-hospitalized patient tests positive for COVID-19 and is at high risk for severe disease. Which treatment option directly targets the virus to reduce the risk of hospitalization?

A previously healthy 6-year-old child presents with a 2-day history of fever, cough, and mild shortness of breath. Auscultation reveals decreased breath sounds in the left lower lobe. The child is up-to-date on all vaccinations. Considering the likely causative organisms and current guidelines, what is an appropriate empiric treatment approach?

Which of the following radiographic findings might be observed on a chest X-ray (CXR) of a patient with a pulmonary fungal infection?

In which patient population are fungal pulmonary infections most commonly observed?

A patient presents with dyspnea, fever, a non-productive cough, hypoxemia, and elevated LDH. A CXR shows diffuse, bilateral, symmetrical interstitial infiltrates. Which opportunistic infection is most likely?

For which of the following conditions would prophylactic PO Bactrim (TMP-SMX) typically be prescribed, and at what CD4+ count threshold?

A patient with HIV-associated aspergillosis is most likely to present with which of the following CD4+ counts, and what specific clinical manifestation might also be observed if their CD4 count declines below 250 cells/μL?

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT recommended for outpatient treatment of CAP in a patient with no comorbidities?

Which of the following regimens is appropriate for outpatient treatment of CAP in a patient with comorbidities?

Which antibiotic is the first-line treatment for CAP in children under 5 years old?

Which antiviral should be initiated in outpatients presenting with influenza-like illness and pneumonia during influenza season?

Which of the following treatments reduces the risk of severe COVID-19 or hospitalization in non-hospitalized patients?

What is the recommended duration of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated CAP?

Which of the following regimens is appropriate for inpatient, non-ICU treatment of CAP?

Which of the following is indicated for CAP treatment in ICU patients with a penicillin allergy?

Which antibiotic should be added if Pseudomonas is suspected in a patient with CAP?

Which of the following is recommended for treating pulmonary abscess due to anaerobic bacteria?

Which of the following pathogens is LEAST likely to cause hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

Which of the following combinations is appropriate empiric therapy for HAP in a patient at high risk of mortality?

Which clinical feature is more suggestive of viral pneumonia compared to bacterial pneumonia?

Which of the following pathogens is MOST likely to cause atypical pneumonia?

Which of the following mechanisms primarily leads to hypoxemia in pneumonia?

Which of the following factors is NOT included in the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI)?

Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for aspiration pneumonia?

Which imaging finding is MOST characteristic of Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia?

Which chest CT finding is most commonly associated with COVID-19 pneumonia?

Which of the following indicates a parapneumonic effusion that requires drainage?

Which of the following findings is LEAST likely to be associated with pneumonia on physical examination?

Which of the following antibiotics is preferred for treating aspiration pneumonia with suspected anaerobic infection?

Which of the following characteristics differentiates hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following laboratory findings is MOST characteristic of Legionella pneumophila infection?

Which of the following factors contributes MOST to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?

Which of the following scenarios is classified as healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP)?

Which of the following fungal pathogens is LEAST likely to cause pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient?

Which of the following findings is MOST suggestive of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in an HIV-positive patient?

Which antibiotic is recommended for treating MRSA pneumonia in hospitalized patients?

Which of the following measures is MOST effective in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?

Outpatient CAP Treatment (No Comorbidities)

Outpatient CAP Treatment (With Comorbidities)

CAP treatment for children <5

CAP treatment for children 5-16

Antibiotics to AVOID in children

Treatment during influenza season

COVID-19 treatment for non-hospitalized patients

Paxlovid & Molnupiravir

48-72 Hours

Beta-Lactams

Anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam

Add vancomycin or linezolid

CXR findings in fungal infections

Risk factors for fungal pulmonary infections

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

CXR findings in PCP

PCP Treatment & Prophylaxis

When to Stop Antibiotics

Pneumococcal Vaccine

Influenza Vaccine

Risk Factors for Lung Abscess

Necrotizing Pneumonia Causes

Bronchial Obstruction & Abscess

Antibiotic Coverage for Lung Abscess

Bronchiectasis

Ciprofloxacin in CAP

CAP Treatment with comorbidities

High-dose amoxicillin (Pediatrics)

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Molnupiravir

CAP Treatment Duration

Ceftriaxone

Respiratory fluoroquinolone plus aztreonam

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Clindamycin

Streptococcus pneumoniae in HAP

Piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, and amikacin

Diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray

Legionella pneumophila

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch

Blood glucose level (PSI)

History of asthma (Aspiration)

Cavitary lesions with air-fluid levels

Bilateral ground-glass opacities (COVID-19)

Purulent fluid with positive Gram stain

Hyperresonance to percussion

Clindamycin (Aspiration Pneumonia)

Higher likelihood of multidrug-resistant pathogens

Hyponatremia and elevated liver enzymes (Legionella)

Microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions

Pneumonia diagnosed in a resident of a long-term care facility

Candida albicans (Pneumonia)

Progressive dyspnea with bilateral ground-glass opacities

CAP Patient Afebrile

Diagnosing Pulmonary Aspergillosis