18 Questions
What is the primary source of infection in community-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Chlamydia pneumonia, and mycoplasma pneumonia
What is the term for pneumonia acquired more than 48 hours after hospital admission?
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (Nosocomial pneumonia)
What is the primary causative agent in aspiration pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What type of pneumonia is a common cause of death in patients with compromised immune systems?
Immunocompromised pneumonia
What is the primary method of diagnosis for pneumonia?
Clinical presentation, laboratory investigation, and radiology
What is the primary goal of treatment for pneumonia?
To cure the patient and prevent complications
What is the causative organism of pneumonia, besides bacteria?
Viral or fungal infection
What is the recommended duration of treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas?
14-21 days
Which antibiotics are recommended for outpatient treatment of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia?
Respiratory quinolones or Macrolides (or Doxycycline) + one of the following: Ampicillin/sulbactam, Ceftriaxone, or Cefotaxime
How does typhoid fever typically spread?
Through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who's infected
What are the classic clinical symptoms of typhoid fever?
Fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation
What is the primary risk factor for developing pneumonia in individuals over 65 years old?
Weakened immune system
What are the primary symptoms of cystitis in adults?
Dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, bladder fullness/discomfort, and possibly hemorrhagic cystitis (bloody urine)
What are the indications for urine culture in UTI diagnosis?
Pyelonephritis, children, pregnant women, and patients with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract
What is the main criterion for selecting antimicrobial agents for UTI treatment?
Primary excretion routes through the urinary tract, achieving high concentration in urine and vaginal secretions
What is the typical duration of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTI?
3-day short course therapy
What is the primary pathogen responsible for cystitis?
E. coli
What is the difference between uncomplicated and complicated UTI?
Uncomplicated UTI occurs in a structurally and neurologically normal urinary tract, whereas complicated UTI occurs in a urinary tract with functional or structural abnormalities
Study Notes
Pneumonia
- Infectious agents: Streptococcus pneumonia, Gram-negative bacteria, influenza and Covid-19 viruses, and fungi
- Symptoms: Breathlessness, fever, chest pain (especially on deep breaths), fatigue, cough (mucus can contain blood in severe cases), anorexia
- Risk factors: Recent cold or flu, weakened immune system, chronic diseases, age (above 65 or below 5), recent surgery, mechanical ventilation, morbid obesity, associated chest disease
Treatment of Pneumonia
- Aim: Cure the patient and prevent complications
- Treatment measures:
- Preventive measures
- Treatment of the causative organism (bacterial, viral, fungal infection)
- Duration of treatment:
- Community-acquired pneumonia: ≥ 5 days
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia (not caused by pseudomonas): 8 days
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia (caused by pseudomonas): 14-21 days
- Selection of antibiotics:
- Outpatient: Respiratory quinolones or Macrolides (or Doxycycline) + one of the following: Ampicillin/sulbactam, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime
- Hospitalized patient (not in ICU): same as outpatient
- Hospitalized patient (in ICU): Fluoroquinolones + one of the following: Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ampicillin/sulbactam
Typhoid Fever
- Caused by: Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and related serovars
- Spread through: Contaminated food and water or close contact with someone who's infected
- Clinical symptoms: Fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- Upper UTI: Pyelonephritis, intra-renal abscess, perinephric abscess
- Lower UTI: Cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis
- Uncomplicated UTI: Infection in a structurally and neurologically normal urinary tract
- Complicated UTI: Infection in a urinary tract with functional or structural abnormalities
- Clinical symptoms:
- Cystitis: Dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, bladder fullness/discomfort, hemorrhagic cystitis
- Pyelonephritis: Fever, sweating, nausea, vomiting, flank pain, dysuria
- Diagnosis: Urine analysis (microscopic examination), presence of bacteria, urine culture
- Treatment: Empiric antimicrobials, choice of antimicrobial agents based on primary excretion routes through the urinary tract
Assess your knowledge of pneumonia, a lung infection that causes cough and difficulty breathing. Learn about its causes, diagnosis, and types, including community-acquired pneumonia.
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