Cold or Pneumonia Quiz: Know the Difference

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of infection in community-acquired pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Chlamydia pneumonia, and mycoplasma pneumonia

What is the term for pneumonia acquired more than 48 hours after hospital admission?

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (Nosocomial pneumonia)

What is the primary causative agent in aspiration pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What type of pneumonia is a common cause of death in patients with compromised immune systems?

Immunocompromised pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of diagnosis for pneumonia?

Clinical presentation, laboratory investigation, and radiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for pneumonia?

To cure the patient and prevent complications Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative organism of pneumonia, besides bacteria?

Viral or fungal infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas?

14-21 days Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotics are recommended for outpatient treatment of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia?

Respiratory quinolones or Macrolides (or Doxycycline) + one of the following: Ampicillin/sulbactam, Ceftriaxone, or Cefotaxime Signup and view all the answers

How does typhoid fever typically spread?

Through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who's infected Signup and view all the answers

What are the classic clinical symptoms of typhoid fever?

Fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for developing pneumonia in individuals over 65 years old?

Weakened immune system Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary symptoms of cystitis in adults?

Dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, bladder fullness/discomfort, and possibly hemorrhagic cystitis (bloody urine) Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for urine culture in UTI diagnosis?

Pyelonephritis, children, pregnant women, and patients with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion for selecting antimicrobial agents for UTI treatment?

Primary excretion routes through the urinary tract, achieving high concentration in urine and vaginal secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTI?

3-day short course therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathogen responsible for cystitis?

E. coli Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between uncomplicated and complicated UTI?

Uncomplicated UTI occurs in a structurally and neurologically normal urinary tract, whereas complicated UTI occurs in a urinary tract with functional or structural abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pneumonia

Infectious agents: Streptococcus pneumonia, Gram-negative bacteria, influenza and Covid-19 viruses, and fungi
Symptoms: Breathlessness, fever, chest pain (especially on deep breaths), fatigue, cough (mucus can contain blood in severe cases), anorexia
Risk factors: Recent cold or flu, weakened immune system, chronic diseases, age (above 65 or below 5), recent surgery, mechanical ventilation, morbid obesity, associated chest disease

Treatment of Pneumonia

Aim: Cure the patient and prevent complications
Treatment measures:
- Preventive measures
- Treatment of the causative organism (bacterial, viral, fungal infection)
Duration of treatment:
- Community-acquired pneumonia: ≥ 5 days
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia (not caused by pseudomonas): 8 days
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia (caused by pseudomonas): 14-21 days
Selection of antibiotics:
- Outpatient: Respiratory quinolones or Macrolides (or Doxycycline) + one of the following: Ampicillin/sulbactam, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime
- Hospitalized patient (not in ICU): same as outpatient
- Hospitalized patient (in ICU): Fluoroquinolones + one of the following: Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ampicillin/sulbactam

Typhoid Fever

Caused by: Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and related serovars
Spread through: Contaminated food and water or close contact with someone who's infected
Clinical symptoms: Fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Upper UTI: Pyelonephritis, intra-renal abscess, perinephric abscess
Lower UTI: Cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis
Uncomplicated UTI: Infection in a structurally and neurologically normal urinary tract
Complicated UTI: Infection in a urinary tract with functional or structural abnormalities
Clinical symptoms:
- Cystitis: Dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, bladder fullness/discomfort, hemorrhagic cystitis
- Pyelonephritis: Fever, sweating, nausea, vomiting, flank pain, dysuria
Diagnosis: Urine analysis (microscopic examination), presence of bacteria, urine culture
Treatment: Empiric antimicrobials, choice of antimicrobial agents based on primary excretion routes through the urinary tract

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Description

Assess your knowledge of pneumonia, a lung infection that causes cough and difficulty breathing. Learn about its causes, diagnosis, and types, including community-acquired pneumonia.