30 Questions
Which type of atelectasis is associated with accumulation of fluid, blood, or air within the pleural cavity?
Compression Atelectasis
What is the most common cause of atelectasis?
Obstruction by mucus plug in bronchus
What is the main characteristic of emphysema?
Irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles
What is the role of leukotriene B4, TNF, and IL‐8 in emphysema?
Epithelium and macrophages release these to recruit neutrophils
What is the consequence of the imbalance of protease‐antiprotease and oxidative cytotoxic cells in emphysema?
Destruction of connective tissue
What causes contraction atelectasis?
Local or generalized fibrotic changes in lung or pleura
What is the most common type of pneumonia in domestic animals?
Bronchopneumonia
What characterizes fibrinous bronchopneumonia in animals?
Fibrinous coating within 24-48 hours
What causes cranioventral pneumonia in animals?
Gravity effect during breathing
What is the characteristic feature of atypical pneumonia in animals?
Mild appearance in X-rays but severe symptoms
What characterizes interstitial pneumonia in animals?
Inflammation localized to the alveolar walls
What can result from interstitial pneumonia in animals?
Edematous lungs with thickened interstitial
Which cell type is primarily responsible for protease production in the extracellular matrix?
Neutrophils
Which condition is significantly associated with emphysema?
Heavy alcohol consumption
What characterizes the pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
Acute injury to the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
What is the primary role of macrophages in ARDS?
Secreting inflammatory mediators and recruiting neutrophils
What characterizes the histopathology of ARDS?
Exudative and organizing stages with distinct features
What characterizes Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Limitation of airflow and loss of elastic recoil
Which type of asthma is associated with allergen sensitization and immune activation?
Atopic asthma
What are the triggers for non-atopic asthma?
All of the above
Which cells and their mediators promote inflammation in atopic asthma?
Th2 cells
What are the characteristics of the acute phase of atopic asthma?
Bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and vasodilation
What is the characteristic feature of bronchopneumonia?
Patchy consolidation in more than one lung lobe
What happens during the late phase of atopic asthma?
Inflammatory cell infiltration, particularly eosinophils and T cells
What is the characteristic of embolic pneumonia?
Multifocal lesions randomly distributed in the lobes of the lungs
Which of the following is a septic emboli source for embolic pneumonia?
Hepatic abscesses
What is required for bacteria or fungi to cause embolic pneumonia?
Circulating bacteria or fungi to attach to pulmonary endothelium and evade phagocytosis
What is the characteristic of granulomatous pneumonia?
Activation of alveolar and interstitial macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells
What are common causes of granulomatous pneumonia?
Systemic fungal diseases and bacteria, particularly mycobacteria
What caused granulomatous pneumonia in a foal in the given text?
Rhodococcus equi
Study Notes
Pneumonia Classifications and Characteristics
- Embolic pneumonia is centered on blood vessels and results from hematogenously delivered injurious agents to the lung
- Embolic pneumonia is characterized by multifocal lesions randomly distributed in the lobes of the lungs
- Septic emboli sources include hepatic abscesses, omphalophlebitis, chronic bacterial or fungal infections, and contaminated catheters
- Embolic pneumonia can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, as well as fungi including Aspergillus
- It requires circulating bacteria or fungi to attach to pulmonary endothelium and evade phagocytosis
- A 6-week-old puppy had embolic pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Embolic pneumonia in a cow was caused by septic emboli originating from vegetative endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve
- Granulomatous pneumonia refers to pneumonia with a granulomatous inflammatory response
- Granulomatous pneumonia is characterized by activation of alveolar and interstitial macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells
- Common causes of granulomatous pneumonia include systemic fungal diseases and bacteria, particularly mycobacteria
- Systemic fungal diseases such as cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis are common causes of granulomatous pneumonia
- A foal had granulomatous pneumonia with cranioventral consolidation of the lungs and subpleural granulomas, caused by Rhodococcus equi
Test your knowledge of pneumonia classifications and characteristics with this quiz! Explore topics such as embolic pneumonia, septic emboli sources, and granulomatous pneumonia, and learn about their causes and characteristics. Ideal for veterinary students and professionals.
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