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Questions and Answers

What type of valuation is concerned with the appeal to the senses?

  • Behavioral Valuation
  • Aesthetic Valuation (correct)
  • Ethical Valuation
  • Technical Valuation

Which valuation is likely to involve correct procedures and techniques?

  • Technical Valuation (correct)
  • Social Valuation
  • Moral Valuation
  • Aesthetic Valuation

What is an example of etiquette mentioned in the content?

  • Greeting teachers in a corridor (correct)
  • Ignoring rules of the road while driving
  • Playing music loudly in public
  • Baking a cake without measuring ingredients

What distinguishes aesthetic valuations from moral judgments?

<p>Aesthetic valuations are subjective and based on sensory experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios would a technical valuation apply?

<p>Assessing a cake based on the recipe followed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone consider a driver to be 'bad' in terms of technical valuation?

<p>They ignore traffic rules and cause discomfort to passengers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of etiquette?

<p>Giving unsolicited advice to a colleague (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aesthetic valuation differ from ethical valuation?

<p>Aesthetic valuation is purely based on sensory experience and lacks moral implication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason people tend to avoid complex issues?

<p>They prefer simplicity and instant solutions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral dilemmas, what is a common outcome for individuals who hesitate to make decisions?

<p>They may remain unresolved and let others decide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential skill highlighted in the topic of moral dilemmas?

<p>Decision-making amidst conflicting options. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios represents a moral dilemma?

<p>Choosing to continue education or ending it due to pregnancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge might a student face when dealing with a moral dilemma related to pregnancy and education?

<p>The possibility of losing parental support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be considered a potential consequence of choosing to continue education after getting pregnant?

<p>Emotional distress from hiding the pregnancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options does NOT represent a solution to the moral dilemma presented?

<p>Ignoring the problem until it resolves itself. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of an overly simplistic lifestyle when facing complex issues?

<p>Difficulty handling more complicated matters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the two employees at the company?

<p>Their qualifications are crucial for the company. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an organizational dilemma?

<p>It impacts every member of the organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a structural dilemma typically arise?

<p>Approval of a law that affects a larger population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative outcome of approving the Bangsa Moro Law?

<p>It could result in complete separation of the region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dilemma might arise from discussing the illicit relationship within the organization?

<p>The moral conflict between loyalty and integrity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of not approving the proposed law?

<p>Continuing issues with peace and order in the region. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step that can be used for resolving moral dilemmas?

<p>Apply steps for moral analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does terminating the employees due to their relationship imply for the company?

<p>It seeks to maintain a strict ethical culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to ascribe moral responsibility to an action?

<p>Freedom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why cannot a child be ascribed moral responsibility for their actions?

<p>They cannot make judgments about right and wrong. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions must be met for an act to be considered a moral action?

<p>The individual must have the ability to reason. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reason influence moral valuation of an action?

<p>It helps evaluate the rightness or wrongness of an act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario can moral implications be applied to an act?

<p>When a person acts based on free choice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an element necessary for moral actions aside from reason?

<p>Personal freedom to choose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of lacking the element of freedom in an action?

<p>The action is considered morally neutral. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in identifying Filipino culture?

<p>Filipino culture blends various eastern and western influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors contribute to the complexity of Filipino cultural identity?

<p>A mixture of languages, traditions, and influences from colonial past. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural relativism?

<p>The idea that cultural practices can be understood only within their own context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might asserting a single Filipino culture be misleading?

<p>The Philippines has a rich diversity of languages and customs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do students learn to do in groups concerning Filipino practices?

<p>Critique the advantages and disadvantages of their cultural practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many major languages are considered in the Philippines?

<p>Eight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of cultural identity propose for an individual in a diverse culture?

<p>Individuals can blend elements from different cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of Filipino culture?

<p>A single, uniform set of traditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the different stages of moral development according to Kohlberg specifically describe?

<p>Characteristics of development stages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In moral decision-making, people often struggle with emotions during which stage of Kohlberg's development?

<p>Fourth stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does strong emotion typically affect decision-making according to the content?

<p>It can cloud objectivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of making decisions during emotional distress?

<p>Potential for regret later on (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective argues that emotion should be disregarded in moral decision-making?

<p>Rationalistic view (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main aspect of moral actions is attributed to emotions, as outlined in the learning outcomes?

<p>Emotional influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral decision-making, what is primarily assessed when differentiating actions?

<p>Personal feelings and rationale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial question arises when considering emotions in moral decision-making?

<p>Are emotions detrimental to reasoning? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aesthetic Valuation

Judging something as good or bad based on its appeal to the senses (e.g., taste, sight, sound).

Technical Valuation

Judging something as right or wrong based on proper procedures or skills (e.g., baking a cake or driving).

Etiquette

Rules of polite behavior in social situations (e.g., not making noise in a library, greeting teachers).

Good driver

A driver who observes driving rules and procedures to avoid danger and discomfort for passengers.

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Bad driver

A driver who disregards driving rules and procedures, leading to potential dangers or discomfort for passengers.

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Good cake

A cake produced with accurate ingredients and procedures.

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Bad cake

A cake produced with incorrect ingredients or procedures.

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Non-ethical Valuation

Valuations that don't involve moral judgments.

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Moral Dilemma

A situation where a person is faced with two or more conflicting choices, each with morally objectionable implications.

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Instant Choices

Quick decisions made without careful consideration of all the factors.

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Decision-Making Process

The systematic steps involved in making a choice between options.

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Conflicting Values

Different moral principles or beliefs that clash or conflict in a particular situation.

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Student's Dilemma

A student's pregnancy situation that requires a difficult decision between completing her education and continuing the pregnancy.

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Abortion

The termination of a pregnancy.

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Parental Support

Financial or emotional assistance given by parents.

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Completing Education

Finishing one's studies to obtain a degree or qualification.

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Organizational Dilemma

A moral dilemma that affects an entire organization, like a company or institution. Decisions made impact all members.

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Structural Dilemma

A moral dilemma with the widest impact, affecting a system or network. Decisions can reshape the structure.

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Conflicting Moral Rules

Different moral principles that clash when making a decision. The choice must balance these rules.

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Moral Analysis Steps

A structured process to solve moral dilemmas. It involves identifying the problem, considering options, and choosing the best solution based on ethical principles.

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Autonomy

The ability to govern oneself. In the context of the Bangsa Moro Law, it refers to Mindanao's desire for self-rule.

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Peace and Order

A state of tranquility and stability in a region. It involves absence of violence and a functioning legal system.

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Complete Separation

When a region or group breaks away completely from a larger entity, becoming fully independent.

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Moral Responsibility

The ability to be held accountable for one's actions because they were made with understanding and freedom.

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Reason

The capacity to think logically, understand consequences, and make judgments about right and wrong.

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Age of Reason

The point in a person's life when they develop sufficient understanding to be deemed responsible for their actions.

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Free Will

The ability to choose between different actions, free from external coercion.

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Moral Action

An act performed with free will and understanding of its ethical implications.

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Forced Action

An action taken under duress or without true freedom of choice.

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Filipino Culture

The combined traditions, practices, and beliefs of Filipinos, influenced by a mix of Eastern and Western cultures.

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Cultural Diversity

The presence of many different cultures within a single country, often leading to variations in language, traditions, and values.

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Cultural Identity

The sense of belonging to a particular culture, shaped by shared values, beliefs, and practices.

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Cultural Relativism

The idea that different cultures have their own unique values and beliefs, and that no culture is inherently superior to another.

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Western Influences

Cultural influences from European countries, such as Spain and America, that have shaped Filipino traditions and practices.

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Asian Influences

Cultural influences from Asian countries, such as Japan, Indonesia, and even Arabic cultures, that contributed to Filipino traditions and practices.

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Major Languages

The most widely spoken languages in a country, often with official status.

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Cultural Subculture

A group within a larger culture that shares specific values, beliefs, and practices.

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Moral Development Stages

Different levels of moral reasoning based on how individuals think about right and wrong, formulated by Lawrence Kohlberg. They describe how people develop, not what's right or wrong.

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Stage 4 Moral Reasoning

A stage where most people base their moral judgments on societal norms, rules, and laws rather than individual thoughts.

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Emotional Influence on Decisions

When strong feelings like anger, sadness, or joy dominate our thinking, it can lead to biased or irrational decisions.

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Objectivity in Decision-Making

Being able to make choices based on logical thinking and facts, without letting emotions cloud your judgment.

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Consequences of Emotional Decisions

Actions taken in the heat of the moment can lead to unexpected and often negative outcomes.

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Rationalistic View of Emotions

The idea that emotions have no place in making moral decisions, and that relying solely on logic and reason is the best approach.

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Importance of Recognizing Emotions

It's crucial to acknowledge and understand our emotions, even if we don't let them control our decisions.

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Balancing Emotions and Reason

The ideal is to find a balance between recognizing your emotions and making decisions based on reason and careful consideration.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • This instructional material helps students live a principled existence, focusing on ethical decision-making in daily life.
  • It aims to develop critical thinking skills beneficial to both the individual and others.
  • The material draws inspiration from James Rachels' book The Elements of Moral Philosophy.
  • It covers four major ethical frameworks: Utilitarianism, Kant's Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and Natural Law Ethics, and Rawls's Theory of Justice.
  • The material emphasizes the importance of applying ethics in daily life
  • It encourages critical thinking toward current issues such as globalization, taxation, millennials, and religion.

Moral and Non-moral Problems

  • People face various problems daily, some simple, some complex.
  • Moral problems involve ethical judgments about right and wrong.
  • Non-moral problems are matters of fact.
  • Examples include: contemplating cheating, being pregnant, lying to professors, spreading rumors, and suicide.
  • Distinguishing between moral and non-moral problems is the key.

Kinds of Valuations

  • Aesthetic Valuations: judgments based on appeal to the senses (e.g., good or bad food, pleasing colors)
  • Technical Valuations: judgments based on technical standards (e.g., proper baking methods, skills in driving).
  • Etiquette Valuations: judgments on acceptable social behaviors (e.g., knocking before entering a room).

Acts of Man Versus Human Acts

  • Acts of man: involuntary, natural actions necessary for life (e.g., breathing, heartbeat).
  • Human acts: voluntary actions with ethical implications (e.g., helping others, causing harm, making moral judgments).

Moral Dilemmas

  • Moral dilemmas arise when choosing between two or more difficult options.
  • These dilemmas arise in everyday life (e.g., pregnant student's choices, poor woman choosing to steal for her child).
  • Moral dilemmas can be categorized as personal, organizational, or structural.
  • Example: a pregnant student must choose between continuing her education or continuing the pregnancy.

Moral Assumptions (Foundation of Morality)

  • Reason and freedom are essential for moral valuation.
  • Without reason, an action is amoral.
  • Without freedom, an action is not morally accountable.
  • The value of an action depends on the intent of the person carrying out the action.

Standards of Moral Valuation Based on the Self

  • Moral judgments and standards often originate from culture or external sources (rules, practices, authority).
  • However, subjective moral valuations also come from personal choices, experience, and individuality.
  • An evaluation or judgment of moral behavior should be based on the ethical framework.

Subjectivism

  • The individual's thoughts and feelings are central to moral valuations.
  • Subjective experiences influence moral decision-making.
  • Critiques include: Moral judgments may be inconsistent with or contradictory to others' viewpoints.

Psychological Egoism

  • Human actions are motivated by self-interest.
  • Actions are driven primarily by achieving personal fulfillment and satisfaction.
  • Critics highlight actions performed seemingly for other people that can still be judged as motivated by self-interest.

Ethical Egoism

  • Self-interest is the sole determining factor for moral judgments.
  • Morally good acts benefit the person performing them.
  • Critics suggest that it can lead to a disregard for the values and rights of others and social well-being.

The Moral Development Stages of the Moral Agent

  • Moral development is a continuous process of growth.
  • Different stages involve different justifications, motivations, and reasoning capacities as seen in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages.
  • There are three levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional).

The Moral Actions (Feelings and Moral Decision Making)

  • Emotions play a significant role in moral decision-making.
  • Uncontrolled impulses and emotions can lead to negative outcomes as not considering the decision's consequences and the interests of other people.
  • Individuals need to manage and control their emotions when making moral judgments and decisions.

The 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model

  • A practical, systematic approach for making ethical decisions.
  • The model emphasizes considering the facts of the case, relevant principles, alternatives, possible consequences, and making an informed decision.

Ethical Frameworks and Principles in Moral Disposition

  • Ethical frameworks such as virtue ethics, natural law, utilitarianism, and Kant's ethics, are often used in analyzing or making moral judgments.
  • They are used to evaluate moral actions and to guide moral reasoning.

Cultural Relativism

  • The belief that morality is relative to cultural norms.
  • Moral judgments depend on cultural standards.
  • It can be challenged by the existence of common moral values, and universal moral standards in different cultures.

Globalization and its Moral Repercussions

  • Globalization is a complex phenomenon with both positive and negative consequences.
  • This involves integration among people, companies, and governments in different nations.
  • Globalization promotes cultural exchange, creates economic opportunities, and raises concerns about cultural homogenization, inequality, environmental damage, and exploitation.

Morality and Fairness, and its Relation to the Modern Systems of Justice and Taxation

  • How the modern justice and tax systems impact moral obligations, especially for citizens.
  • Taxes are essential for government function.
  • The government has duties to its constituents that are influenced by principles of justice.

Filipinos and Morality

  • Filipino millennials values are often influenced by various factors, including familial obligations, cultural traditions, and socioeconomic status.
  • Social media and technology have strong effects on millennial perspectives and decision-making.

The Natural Law Ethics (Divine Law)

  • Emphasizes natural moral law (inherent rightness or wrongness).
  • The natural law guides actions based on achieving good and avoiding evil, through human reason.

Kant's Ethics (Deontological)

  • Focuses on duty or obligation, not consequences.
  • The categorical imperative: Act only on maxims that you can rationally will to be universal laws.
  • This demands consistency in moral actions, that an action is ethical if it can be an universal law.

Utilitarianism (Teleological)

  • Regards the consequence of an action; that consequences are most important in determining an action's moral status.
  • Aim is to promote happiness and minimize suffering.
  • "greatest happiness for the greatest number."

Special Topics

  • Ethics and the environment: Emphasizing the moral obligation to protect and preserve the environment.
  • Ethics in global issues: Examining ethical considerations related to cultural diversity, economic inequality, and environmental sustainability.

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