Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of valuation is concerned with the appeal to the senses?
What type of valuation is concerned with the appeal to the senses?
Which valuation is likely to involve correct procedures and techniques?
Which valuation is likely to involve correct procedures and techniques?
What is an example of etiquette mentioned in the content?
What is an example of etiquette mentioned in the content?
What distinguishes aesthetic valuations from moral judgments?
What distinguishes aesthetic valuations from moral judgments?
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In which of the following scenarios would a technical valuation apply?
In which of the following scenarios would a technical valuation apply?
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Why might someone consider a driver to be 'bad' in terms of technical valuation?
Why might someone consider a driver to be 'bad' in terms of technical valuation?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of etiquette?
Which of the following is NOT an example of etiquette?
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How does aesthetic valuation differ from ethical valuation?
How does aesthetic valuation differ from ethical valuation?
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What is the primary reason people tend to avoid complex issues?
What is the primary reason people tend to avoid complex issues?
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In the context of moral dilemmas, what is a common outcome for individuals who hesitate to make decisions?
In the context of moral dilemmas, what is a common outcome for individuals who hesitate to make decisions?
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What is an essential skill highlighted in the topic of moral dilemmas?
What is an essential skill highlighted in the topic of moral dilemmas?
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Which of the following scenarios represents a moral dilemma?
Which of the following scenarios represents a moral dilemma?
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What challenge might a student face when dealing with a moral dilemma related to pregnancy and education?
What challenge might a student face when dealing with a moral dilemma related to pregnancy and education?
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What could be considered a potential consequence of choosing to continue education after getting pregnant?
What could be considered a potential consequence of choosing to continue education after getting pregnant?
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Which of the following options does NOT represent a solution to the moral dilemma presented?
Which of the following options does NOT represent a solution to the moral dilemma presented?
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What can be a result of an overly simplistic lifestyle when facing complex issues?
What can be a result of an overly simplistic lifestyle when facing complex issues?
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What is the primary concern regarding the two employees at the company?
What is the primary concern regarding the two employees at the company?
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What characterizes an organizational dilemma?
What characterizes an organizational dilemma?
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In which scenario would a structural dilemma typically arise?
In which scenario would a structural dilemma typically arise?
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What is one potential negative outcome of approving the Bangsa Moro Law?
What is one potential negative outcome of approving the Bangsa Moro Law?
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What dilemma might arise from discussing the illicit relationship within the organization?
What dilemma might arise from discussing the illicit relationship within the organization?
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What might be a consequence of not approving the proposed law?
What might be a consequence of not approving the proposed law?
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What is a critical step that can be used for resolving moral dilemmas?
What is a critical step that can be used for resolving moral dilemmas?
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What does terminating the employees due to their relationship imply for the company?
What does terminating the employees due to their relationship imply for the company?
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What is required to ascribe moral responsibility to an action?
What is required to ascribe moral responsibility to an action?
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Why cannot a child be ascribed moral responsibility for their actions?
Why cannot a child be ascribed moral responsibility for their actions?
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Which of the following conditions must be met for an act to be considered a moral action?
Which of the following conditions must be met for an act to be considered a moral action?
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How does reason influence moral valuation of an action?
How does reason influence moral valuation of an action?
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In which scenario can moral implications be applied to an act?
In which scenario can moral implications be applied to an act?
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Which of the following describes an element necessary for moral actions aside from reason?
Which of the following describes an element necessary for moral actions aside from reason?
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What is the consequence of lacking the element of freedom in an action?
What is the consequence of lacking the element of freedom in an action?
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What is a challenge in identifying Filipino culture?
What is a challenge in identifying Filipino culture?
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Which factors contribute to the complexity of Filipino cultural identity?
Which factors contribute to the complexity of Filipino cultural identity?
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What is cultural relativism?
What is cultural relativism?
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Why might asserting a single Filipino culture be misleading?
Why might asserting a single Filipino culture be misleading?
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What do students learn to do in groups concerning Filipino practices?
What do students learn to do in groups concerning Filipino practices?
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How many major languages are considered in the Philippines?
How many major languages are considered in the Philippines?
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What does the concept of cultural identity propose for an individual in a diverse culture?
What does the concept of cultural identity propose for an individual in a diverse culture?
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What is not a characteristic of Filipino culture?
What is not a characteristic of Filipino culture?
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What do the different stages of moral development according to Kohlberg specifically describe?
What do the different stages of moral development according to Kohlberg specifically describe?
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In moral decision-making, people often struggle with emotions during which stage of Kohlberg's development?
In moral decision-making, people often struggle with emotions during which stage of Kohlberg's development?
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How does strong emotion typically affect decision-making according to the content?
How does strong emotion typically affect decision-making according to the content?
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What is a consequence of making decisions during emotional distress?
What is a consequence of making decisions during emotional distress?
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Which perspective argues that emotion should be disregarded in moral decision-making?
Which perspective argues that emotion should be disregarded in moral decision-making?
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What main aspect of moral actions is attributed to emotions, as outlined in the learning outcomes?
What main aspect of moral actions is attributed to emotions, as outlined in the learning outcomes?
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In the context of moral decision-making, what is primarily assessed when differentiating actions?
In the context of moral decision-making, what is primarily assessed when differentiating actions?
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What crucial question arises when considering emotions in moral decision-making?
What crucial question arises when considering emotions in moral decision-making?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- This instructional material helps students live a principled existence, focusing on ethical decision-making in daily life.
- It aims to develop critical thinking skills beneficial to both the individual and others.
- The material draws inspiration from James Rachels' book The Elements of Moral Philosophy.
- It covers four major ethical frameworks: Utilitarianism, Kant's Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and Natural Law Ethics, and Rawls's Theory of Justice.
- The material emphasizes the importance of applying ethics in daily life
- It encourages critical thinking toward current issues such as globalization, taxation, millennials, and religion.
Moral and Non-moral Problems
- People face various problems daily, some simple, some complex.
- Moral problems involve ethical judgments about right and wrong.
- Non-moral problems are matters of fact.
- Examples include: contemplating cheating, being pregnant, lying to professors, spreading rumors, and suicide.
- Distinguishing between moral and non-moral problems is the key.
Kinds of Valuations
- Aesthetic Valuations: judgments based on appeal to the senses (e.g., good or bad food, pleasing colors)
- Technical Valuations: judgments based on technical standards (e.g., proper baking methods, skills in driving).
- Etiquette Valuations: judgments on acceptable social behaviors (e.g., knocking before entering a room).
Acts of Man Versus Human Acts
- Acts of man: involuntary, natural actions necessary for life (e.g., breathing, heartbeat).
- Human acts: voluntary actions with ethical implications (e.g., helping others, causing harm, making moral judgments).
Moral Dilemmas
- Moral dilemmas arise when choosing between two or more difficult options.
- These dilemmas arise in everyday life (e.g., pregnant student's choices, poor woman choosing to steal for her child).
- Moral dilemmas can be categorized as personal, organizational, or structural.
- Example: a pregnant student must choose between continuing her education or continuing the pregnancy.
Moral Assumptions (Foundation of Morality)
- Reason and freedom are essential for moral valuation.
- Without reason, an action is amoral.
- Without freedom, an action is not morally accountable.
- The value of an action depends on the intent of the person carrying out the action.
Standards of Moral Valuation Based on the Self
- Moral judgments and standards often originate from culture or external sources (rules, practices, authority).
- However, subjective moral valuations also come from personal choices, experience, and individuality.
- An evaluation or judgment of moral behavior should be based on the ethical framework.
Subjectivism
- The individual's thoughts and feelings are central to moral valuations.
- Subjective experiences influence moral decision-making.
- Critiques include: Moral judgments may be inconsistent with or contradictory to others' viewpoints.
Psychological Egoism
- Human actions are motivated by self-interest.
- Actions are driven primarily by achieving personal fulfillment and satisfaction.
- Critics highlight actions performed seemingly for other people that can still be judged as motivated by self-interest.
Ethical Egoism
- Self-interest is the sole determining factor for moral judgments.
- Morally good acts benefit the person performing them.
- Critics suggest that it can lead to a disregard for the values and rights of others and social well-being.
The Moral Development Stages of the Moral Agent
- Moral development is a continuous process of growth.
- Different stages involve different justifications, motivations, and reasoning capacities as seen in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages.
- There are three levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional).
The Moral Actions (Feelings and Moral Decision Making)
- Emotions play a significant role in moral decision-making.
- Uncontrolled impulses and emotions can lead to negative outcomes as not considering the decision's consequences and the interests of other people.
- Individuals need to manage and control their emotions when making moral judgments and decisions.
The 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model
- A practical, systematic approach for making ethical decisions.
- The model emphasizes considering the facts of the case, relevant principles, alternatives, possible consequences, and making an informed decision.
Ethical Frameworks and Principles in Moral Disposition
- Ethical frameworks such as virtue ethics, natural law, utilitarianism, and Kant's ethics, are often used in analyzing or making moral judgments.
- They are used to evaluate moral actions and to guide moral reasoning.
Cultural Relativism
- The belief that morality is relative to cultural norms.
- Moral judgments depend on cultural standards.
- It can be challenged by the existence of common moral values, and universal moral standards in different cultures.
Globalization and its Moral Repercussions
- Globalization is a complex phenomenon with both positive and negative consequences.
- This involves integration among people, companies, and governments in different nations.
- Globalization promotes cultural exchange, creates economic opportunities, and raises concerns about cultural homogenization, inequality, environmental damage, and exploitation.
Morality and Fairness, and its Relation to the Modern Systems of Justice and Taxation
- How the modern justice and tax systems impact moral obligations, especially for citizens.
- Taxes are essential for government function.
- The government has duties to its constituents that are influenced by principles of justice.
Filipinos and Morality
- Filipino millennials values are often influenced by various factors, including familial obligations, cultural traditions, and socioeconomic status.
- Social media and technology have strong effects on millennial perspectives and decision-making.
The Natural Law Ethics (Divine Law)
- Emphasizes natural moral law (inherent rightness or wrongness).
- The natural law guides actions based on achieving good and avoiding evil, through human reason.
Kant's Ethics (Deontological)
- Focuses on duty or obligation, not consequences.
- The categorical imperative: Act only on maxims that you can rationally will to be universal laws.
- This demands consistency in moral actions, that an action is ethical if it can be an universal law.
Utilitarianism (Teleological)
- Regards the consequence of an action; that consequences are most important in determining an action's moral status.
- Aim is to promote happiness and minimize suffering.
- "greatest happiness for the greatest number."
Special Topics
- Ethics and the environment: Emphasizing the moral obligation to protect and preserve the environment.
- Ethics in global issues: Examining ethical considerations related to cultural diversity, economic inequality, and environmental sustainability.
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