Plurality of Worlds: History and Implications

• Murphy's Law states if something can go wrong, it will, based on the principle of plentitude.
• Occam's Razor states the simpler theory is better when two competing theories make the same prediction.
• The Copernican Principle states the universe appears the same from every point and in every direction.
• The principle of relativity states the laws of physics are the same everywhere in the universe.
• Creation's extent is as vast as the possibilities of existence, commensurate with the productive capacity of a perfect source.

Ancient Greeks

• Ancient atomists favored many inhabited worlds.
• Matter comprises indivisible units termed atoms.
• There is an infinite number of atoms.
• Atoms are in random motion.
• There is an infinite number of universes which relies on the principle of plentitude.

Plurality of Worlds in Ancient Greece

• Two main schools of thought in Ancient Greece either accepted or rejected extraterrestrial life.
• Aristotle rejected extraterrestrial life while atomists believed in it.
• Prominent figures such as Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius founded and supported the Atomist school.
• All existence is atoms: indivisible and imperishable matter that forms the building blocks of everything.
• Nature's present state results from a long evolutionary process.
• The number of atoms are infinite and in random motion.
• Earth is not special.
• Ancient Atomists' views are remarkably close to modern scientific beliefs.
• The infinite number of atoms and their random motion implies infinite universes.
• Epicurus, a prominent figure in atomism, conspicuously wrote about the belief in extraterrestrial life.
• There are infinite worlds, both like and unlike ours, and no obstacle exists to the infinite number of worlds.
• Atomists did not believe in God.
• Some stars have orbiting planets, and some planets are at the right distance for liquid water and potentially life.

Ancient Cosmological Models

• Ancient cosmological models, such as the geocentric model by thinkers like Epicurus, depicted a smaller, Earth-centered universe.
• The geocentric placed Earth at the center, with the Moon, Sun, and five known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) surrounding it.
• Beyond these was a sphere of fixed stars, and each "universe" was seen as independent.
• The earth-centered, or geocentric, model dominated scientific thought for over 2,000 years.
• The heliocentric model replaced the geocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the universe.
• In the geocentric view, both the Moon and Sun were also classified as planets because they appeared to move around Earth.
• The concept of multiple, independent universes or cosmic bubbles has evolved into modern multiverse theories.

Other Points

• Before 300 BC, the Moon and Sun were considered planets.
• Platitude is an important principle.
• Quantum mechanics and parallel universes rely on the principle of the platitude.

Occam's Razor

• Occam's Razor states that the simpler explanation should be chosen when explaining the same observation.

Ancient Understanding of Celestial Bodies

• Before 300 BC, the Moon and Sun were planets because they appeared to move around Earth in the geocentric model.
• This model put Earth as the centre of the universe, with the orbiting Moon, Sun, other planets, and a sphere of fixed stars enclosing all.
• Other views included universe evolving to its current state, and that there is no God.

Aristotelian Universe

• Plato and Aristotle argued against a plurality of worlds.
• Plato's arguments were philosophical: creator uniqueness implies creation uniqueness, and composite universes are subject to decay.
• Earthly substance can be raised by forced or violent motion, which defies its natural tendency.
• It is impossible for a universe to have two centres, so there is only one Earth.
• Aristotle’s universe was a geocentric, finite universe governed by natural places.
  • Aristotle’s universe comprised concentric crystalline spheres where celestial bodies attached.
  • Change and corruption belonged to "sublunary''sphere, while the heavens were perfect and unchanging.
• Aristotle argued against other worlds, saying that the Earth's centre coincides with the universe's centre and therefore centres cannot be two.

Important Points of A True Story.

• It is considered by many to be the first science fiction work.
• Protagonists are caught in a whirlwind, ultimately landing them on the moon where they meet the king of Lunarians who is an earthling who was abducted in his sleep.
• Lucian of Samosata populates the Moon, the Sun and many other planets and stars.
• Early Colonization planning of Venus is discussed in the book.
• The colony consisted of the poorest people on the Moon kingdom going to begin new lives on Venus which was empty and uninhabited.

Early Christians

• Early Christian Scholars dismissed the plurality of worlds founded on Aristotle's teaching.
• The following question needed to be answered: is the rejection of the plurality of the worlds in contradiction with Omnipotence of God-->, Condemnations of 1277.
• The early Christian scholars mainly rejected the idea of worlds plurality. The more famous among them was Augustine of Hippo who in his book The City of God, attacked the idea of plurality.
• However, when Christian scholars gained access to the writing of antiquity the possibility of worlds plurality began to be discussed.
• Since it stands as one of the wonders and the nature noble questions is there either one world or is there many, its seems desirable that we inquire about it.".

After the 1277 Condemnations

• God was able to create numerous worlds, what what is the atonement doctrine all about?
• The question is do extra-terrestrials live in the sin?
• A separate question is, do they redeem the people on earth, if not do they go to several different planets, if so need be?
• The doctrine of atonement is forgiving people the resurrection and death caused from the original sin.
• If extraterrestrials hadn't had the original sin, then they need the redemption.
• The re-examination of Aristotle's anti-pluralist views started, after this, many said that God was able to build multiple planets, but God simply didn't do it.
• Those scholars began to propose ideas to defend the worlds plurality.
• Jean Buridan said Earth could produce worlds that had other elements and natural properties.
• God could create a perfect man, this being Saint Augustine idea, and Ockham built onto it by mentioning that if God could created a greater world than Earth.

Other Information

• Most scholars agreed that God was able to produce a number of planets and deny God did it, is interesting and why.
• Doctrine of Atonement states God as forgiving of the resurrection and dead caused from the original sin.
• Whether non-earthlings are exposed to sin was what William Vorilong, (1390-1463) who was a French theologian pondered about.
• Nicolas of Cusa was amidst the very first people, the Sun and Moon attribute life to, however it does differ greatly, the non-earthlings.
• Life can be seen among animals, men and plants, if so there should be life in areas of high altitude and those that of where the Sun and stars preside.
• Regions must include local's who differ per ranking wise and all who pay their origin's to.
• There may be more in the sun's area, as well as spirits who have brightness. Some do reject of plurality of worlds, and base it on the agreement of it.
• A master and son of God named Jesus was born where we reside and was later brought again to the world.
• What's a Master and Son of God's name, is in the location of the living.
• Men won't be brought back if extraterrestrials hadn't known they existed and their actions.

The Great Chain of Beings

• How do extraterrestrials compare as potential beings to those on planets?
• Planet exist because there is a system in place where everything has it's place in line.
• Depends on the quantity of the matter mixed with the spirit inside.
• The placement dictates how matter and spirit go hand in hand.
• It is necessary because of the universal system divinely planned.
• There's always space for beings.

Geocentric Universe

• The Earth revolves around the centre; and all the planet/heavenly bodies surrounding it.
• The planets seem to move from West to East, however planets STOP in their tracks, and seem to move in reverse every night.
• It can be referred to as Motion in Reverse.
• Planet positions weren't accurate.
• It was put in place to easily determine the universe mathematics, and to simplify.

Aristotelian Ideas

• Ptolemy puts down the Aristotelian ideas about how structured the universe is into a framework that's mathematically inclined.
• The universe in geocentric terms is a strong view of the planets and how they move.
• It reasonably provides decent perspective.
• The characteristics are that universe is the centre of Earth.
• Every planet revolves with Earth located as centre.
• Universe is mathematically complicated in geocentric terms.
• It was too complex.

Heliocentrism

• The heliocentric model places the Sun at the center of the universe.
• Copernicus promoted Earth to planet status.
• It immediately begs the question, "If Earth is a planet and inhabited, could other solar system planets also be inhabited?"
• Heliocentrism made the case for the worlds's plurality much stronger when compared to geocentric views.
• In 1543 a guide, with a lot of math in it, came to fruition, called DE Revolutionibus. which was on the revolutions planetary ones.
• The centre of the universe: is the Sun.
• The planets all rotate circling with the Sun located in the centre of the universe.
• Similar to any other planet that is a sun rotator, the moon is just another one just like the others.
• The position of the orbit effects what stars do.

Tycho Brahe

• A new universe put in action, one that has qualities of being geocentric and being a heliocentric.
• Most stats that were observatory came from orbit Mars.
• Regardless, his endeavors failed to keep pace. he had to reject he heliocentric views.
• In what he acquired when in Denmark, he collected data that was observational.
• It resulted in stats that didn't match, the heliocentric theory, never agreed with it.
• Earth and the centre each had a universe built with it and together, they took over each of the systems from the planets, that move around the Sun.
• Brahe said Copernicus view can't be agreed to by him.
• Copernicus is right which means that the stars are way too distant, and that translates to a wastage.
• No plurality of the worlds can preside.

Galileo Galilei

• Galileo Galilei was an astronomy with a belief that was in Copernicus ideas.
• He said not all of the stars, dissolve to become perfect Milky Way type stars, and are huge planets surrounding a Universe where Aristotle's type view is reality.
• He said his own planet can not bear the weight of those.
• If so then it's known that, planets don't have air on them.
• Galilei was the first person to get a look and scope of what's in the heaven's!
• Some say he was one of the reasons the universe and its geocentric model failed.
• All because Galileos statements brought pieces that show reality, when looking at the Aristotelian theory.
• Was written in the book as Galileos views, or Siderius Nuncious.
• Some discoveries with his name on didn't match the Aristotle view.
• From the stars he studied, something was apparent/viewable.
• Made known 4 Jupiters called Galilean moons.
• His thoughts where mostly known to a select few whom lived extraterrestrial wise.

Johannes Kepler

• Hired by Tycho Brahe, Galileo's colleague/contemporary, tasked his human computing, also too see his statistics.
• End closest for planet Mars because he had data from Tyco.
• Years passed when his ideas prevailed.
• Errand wise actions, caused the planets and moon like orbits to instead of the known circles, and form into elliptical.
• Became 3 sets of laws for the planets to follow, known as The Laws/Kepler's.
• Can be and is used around many different planets.
• Sun/planets aren't planets.
• Galileo's discovery made him say this in his writing's,.

Kepler's Writings

• "Those four little moons exist for Jupiter, not for us. Each planet in turn, together with its occupants, is served by its own satellites. From this line of reasoning we deduce with the highest degree of probability that Jupiter is inhabited (Kepler's Conversations, p. 42)".
• Jupiter should have life since it has a collection of his/her own's.
• Travels across the outer space are doable, as written in Kepler's conversations.
• Planet life and existence and their placements, exist in a teleology type setting.

Kepler's Somnium

• Kepler used Tycho's data to find the models correct parts of the universe, instead of planet life.
• Teleology helped prove, with its statements, that Jupiter had some sorts of planet life, since Jupiter/universe has the same amount of planets to us (Copernican idea).

Kepler

He wants to express earth's movement via his book, its main objective lies in that idea.

• A kid gets betrayed by island, one day he learns that is mom is with a teacher who has much space knowledge.
• The kid embarks on a four hour long journey to see the moon.
• The tunnel protects from heat (solar wise).
• From that story, it does reason and say that planets should have as the same seen on the moon.
• In the book, the moon has 2 sides, one names subvolva and Privolva: Those who live on the side of the moon own it, its named Volva known as Earth. the moon's other half can never be seen.

Additional Kepler Information

• Solar days together happen for one month together, one side is is boiling where the other is arctic.
• Keplers said people preside everywhere (globe wise).
• The planet always spins equally, as well as in sync with the axis the revolves on.
• Like moon and planets, moon and their movements should continue in sync rotation.
• Cosmos says that there are different types of water, which happened coincidence wise, for another set up.
• Titan is another creation that has water.
• One of the few that contains air in the rotation.
• Is there existence with those types of life?: That's we could get/gather the ether liquid.

Explore the historical views on the plurality of worlds from pre-13th century Christian scholars to later philosophical and theological implications. Examine the shifts following the Condemnations of 1277 and the questions raised about atonement and extraterrestrial life. Delve into the thoughts of key thinkers like Buridan and Ockham.