Pleural Diseases Treatment Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary treatment for asthma during an attack?

  • Inhaled short-acting B2-agonists (correct)
  • Inhaled corticosteroids
  • Oral leukotriene receptor antagonists
  • Inhaled long-acting B-agonists
  • What sign on a chest X-ray can indicate an asthma attack?

  • Consolidation in the lung
  • Atelectasis
  • Pleural effusion
  • Hyperinflation (correct)
  • Which symptom is typically not associated with pneumonia?

  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Anorexia
  • What type of pneumonia is typically treated with nafcillin or vancomycin?

    <p>Staphylococcal pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about viral pneumonia?

    <p>It can be caused by the influenza virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is used as a controller for asthma and helps in reducing inflammation?

    <p>Inhaled corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the cold agglutination test diagnostic?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause hyponatremia in pneumonia cases?

    <p>Legionella pneumophila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of thoracocentesis?

    <p>To remove fluid from the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is treated with an intercostal chest tube?

    <p>Pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a complication associated with thoracocentesis?

    <p>Bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical symptom during a bronchial asthma attack?

    <p>Wheeze and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would be associated with intrinsic asthma?

    <p>Bronchial hyper-reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of the treatment for asthma with steroids?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a skin prick test identify in cases of extrinsic asthma?

    <p>Causative antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically observed during an asthma attack?

    <p>Decreased breath sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pleural Diseases Treatment

    • Thoracocentesis: Procedure for pleural effusion, extracting fluid via needle inserted above the 10th rib at scapular line.
    • Requires strict aseptic technique; complications may include hemothorax, pneumothorax, neurogenic shock, or pulmonary edema.
    • Intercostal Chest Tube: Used for treating pneumothorax (open, bilateral, or tension), empyema, and hemothorax.
    • Tension Pneumothorax: A medical emergency addressed by immediate needle decompression in the 2nd intercostal space, followed by tube insertion, oxygen, and analgesics.

    Bronchial Asthma

    • Definition: Condition causing bronchial narrowing.
    • Aetiology: Includes bronchospasm, inflammatory infiltrates (eosinophils), edema, and mucus plugs in bronchi.
    • Pathophysiology: Types include extrinsic (allergy-related) and intrinsic (hyper-reactivity).
    • Clinical Picture: Patients typically symptom-free between attacks; common symptoms include wheezing, non-productive cough, dyspnea, and mucous pellet expectoration.
    • Signs During Attack: Limited respiratory movement, palpable rhonchi, hyper-resonance on percussion, harsh expiratory sounds, and generalized rhonchi.

    Complications of Asthma

    • Respiratory Complications: Status asthmaticus as a severe form, leading to respiratory failure.
    • General Complications: Treatment side effects (e.g., steroids leading to diabetes and hypertension).
    • Chronic Cough Complications: Include myositis, rib fractures, pneumothorax, hemoptysis, puffy eyelids, and hernias.

    Investigations for Asthma

    • Sputum Examination: Elevated eosinophils.
    • Blood Picture: Presence of eosinophilia.
    • Serum IgE Test: Increased levels indicate extrinsic asthma.
    • Skin Prick Test: Identifies allergenic causes via intradermal antigens.
    • Chest X-ray: Reveals hyperinflation during attacks.
    • Pulmonary Function Tests: Spirometry indicates obstructive hypoventilation.

    Treatment of Asthma

    • Inhaled Short-Acting B2-Agonists (SABA): E.g., Salbutamol for symptomatic relief during attacks.
    • Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS): E.g., Beclomethasone, Budesonide for inflammation control.
    • Inhaled Long-Acting B2-Agonists (LABA): E.g., Salmeterol for prolonged control.
    • Oral Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRA): E.g., Montelukast as controller medication.
    • Oral/Parenteral Steroids: E.g., Prednisolone for severe cases.
    • IgE Monoclonal Antibodies: E.g., Omalizumab for severe or allergic asthma.

    Pneumonia

    • Clinical Picture: Symptoms include fever, anorexia, headache, malaise, cough, dyspnea, and rusty sputum expectoration.
    • Signs: Limited respiratory movements on the affected side, increased tactile vocal fremitus, dullness on percussion, bronchial breathing with crepitations on auscultation.

    Special Types of Pneumonia

    • Staphylococcal Pneumonia: Caused by Staphylococcus aureus, treated with nafcillin or vancomycin.
    • Friedlander's Pneumonia: Associated with Klebsiella, treated with ceftriaxone, mainly affects immunocompromised patients.
    • Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia: Caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii in AIDS patients, treated with Septrin or pentamidine.
    • Mycoplasma Pneumonia: Atypical pneumonia in children and young adults, causes various systemic infections, diagnosed by cold agglutination test, treated with macrolides (e.g., erythromycin).
    • Legionella Pneumonia: Caused by Legionella pneumophila, associated with contaminated water, diagnosed by urine antigen test, treated with macrolides.

    Viral Pneumonia

    • Atypical pneumonia caused by viruses such as influenza (H1N1, H5N1), CMV, EBV, RSV, measles, and SARS.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the treatment methods for pleural diseases, including thoracocentesis and intercostal chest tube placement. It highlights the indications and complications associated with each procedure. Test your knowledge on managing pleural effusions and pneumothoraxes effectively.

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