54 Questions
According to the text, which model suggests that drug use is used to medicate an existing negative state?
Self-medication hypothesis
Which model suggests that consuming drugs affects the normal balance of our affective state, and the body needs an opposing reflex to bring that affect back to the equilibrium range?
Opponent process and allostatic model
Which model suggests that addiction is a disorder of choice and that people choose to continue drug use?
Addiction: A disorder of choice (Heyman)
Which model proposes that addiction is caused by physical dependence and the relief of withdrawal symptoms through drug use?
Physical dependence model
Which model suggests that drug use is driven by the relief of withdrawal symptoms and the negative reinforcement provided by the drug?
Negative reinforcement model
According to the text, which system is related to aversive responses in relation to stress?
The anti-reward system (B)
What happens when the A process leaves after drug consumption?
There's a crash because the B process is still occurring
What is the role of the amygdala in the allostatic process?
It is involved in emotional responses related to stress and has a lot of CRF
Which statement best describes the effect of long access to cocaine on the reward system?
It shifts the m50 more to the right, making the reward system less rewarding
What is the relationship between the anti-rewarding system and drug consumption, according to the text?
The anti-rewarding system becomes more efficient, leading to a cycle of drug consumption
According to the text, addiction is characterized by which of the following?
Compulsivity, securing the supply, and high tendency to relapse after withdrawal
According to the text, how was addiction viewed until the late 19th century?
As a sin/moral deficiency and should be treated by priests or the legal system
According to the text, what did Jellinek propose about alcoholism?
Alcoholism can be defined as changes in structure/function of the body, due to drinking, that cause disability or death
According to the text, what do susceptibility models focus on?
Individuals' variability and predisposition to substance use and addiction
According to the text, what is the current research focused on in relation to SUD susceptibility?
Genetics to identify risks for SUD
What is the role of the mesolimbic DA system according to the Hedonia model?
It represents a synaptic way station for pleasure and rewards
How do psychostimulant drugs affect DA levels in the NAc?
They increase DA levels in the NAc
According to McFarland & Ettenberg, what happens to the rewarding nature of heroin in rats when DA transmission is blocked by Haloperidol?
It does not affect the rewarding nature of heroin and rats will run just as fast
How does the first drug use typically feel for individuals according to the text?
Dysphoric
What is the main psychological change induced by repeated drug exposure?
Hypersensitivity to the incentive motivational effects of drugs and drug-associated stimuli
What is the role of dopamine (DA) in the incentive salience process?
Mediates the 'wanting' component and is crucial in sensitizing incentive salience
What does sensitization of dopamine (DA) release following chronic exposure to psychostimulants result in?
Increased DA release in the striatum even a year after the last drug treatment
What is the effect of DA activation or suppression on 'liking' responses in animals and humans?
No effect on 'liking' responses
What is the main consequence of repeated exposure to drugs on cues associated with drug consumption?
Cues become very salient, attractive, and 'wanted'
What is the role of dopamine (DA) signal according to Schultz, 2001?
Signalling whether the reward was better or worse than expected
What is the finding regarding the relationship between drug-taking and reported pleasure over time?
Drug-taking may increase over time, but pleasure is not reported to increase
What is the impact of drugs on the normal prediction error system/signal according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?
Override the normal prediction error system and drive an amplified learning signal
What is the revised version of the hedonia model regarding the role of dopamine (DA) in the brain?
DA is important for the learning signal, but pleasure is not a necessary correlate of DA elevations
According to the incentive-sensitization view by Robinson & Berridge, what happens to the brain reward systems in addiction?
The brain reward systems become more sensitive to drugs and drug-associated stimuli/cues
Repeated exposure to drugs can lead to hypersensitivity to the incentive motivational effects of drugs and drug-associated stimuli
True
Dopamine (DA) mediates the 'liking' response to drugs according to Leyton's research
False
The 'incentive sensitization' condition causes a bias in the attentional processing towards drugs and drug-associated stimuli, and pathological motivation to take drugs
True
Sensitization of dopamine (DA) release following chronic exposure to psychostimulants results in an increased liking and desire for the drug
False
Cocaine sensitization increases the conditioned reinforcing effects of a cocaine-associated stimulus according to Robinson & Berridge, 1993
True
Chronic exposure to psychostimulants results in an increased DA release in the striatum even a year after the last drug treatment according to Boileau et al., 2006
True
In addicts, there is no attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli
False
According to Cox et al., 2006, previous experience with drugs sensitizes the DA system, leading to a greater size of the change of Raclopride binding
True
Incentive salience is the making of stimuli and their mental representatives highly unattractive and not 'wanted'
False
The incentive salience hypothesis suggests that rewards have both affective (liking) and motivational (wanting) consequences
True
DA activation or suppression has no effect on '______' responses in animals and humans
liking
Sensitization of DA release following chronic exposure results in an increased ___ and desire for the drug
wanting
The 'incentive sensitization' condition causes a bias in the attentional processing towards ____ stimuli, and pathological motivation to take drugs ('wanting')
drugs and drug-associated stimuli
Train an animal to respond to the light/cue associated with a drug (press lever = light = cocaine (instrumental learning). Then, light now has rewarding/______ and can be used to train the animal to do another behaviour
incentive value
'' is the one that goes through sensitization modulated by DA Cues that were neutral are now very salient and powerful in driving behaviours, while '' goes through habituation.
wanting, liking
What are the limitations to the hedonia model?
- Some degree of reward function is possible even without DA 2. For opiates, there could be 2 separate DA transmissions 3. Opiates act at 2 points: VTA (modulating DA) and NAc (acting on medium spiny neurons - output from NAc) 4. First drug use (opiates, nicotine, alcohol) is often experiences as dysphoric 5. Under some conditions, electric shock can be reinforcing; and aversive and arousing stimuli result in DA release in the NAc 6. People will work for low cocaine or morphine doses that have no subjective effects or any kind (no pleasure) 7. Drug-taking may increase over time, but “pleasure” is not reported to increase 8. DA signal is often associated with cues that predict arrival of reward and not the consumption of reward 9. Although DA function is important for reward and addiction, it’s not only the mesolimbic DA system (VTA > NAc) function that counts
The making of stimuli and their mental representatives highly salient, attractive, and '___'
wanted
- Explain the difference between affective (liking) and motivational (wanting) consequences of rewards according to the Incentive-salience Hypothesis.
The Incentive-salience Hypothesis states that rewards have both affective (liking) and motivational (wanting) consequences. Affective consequences refer to the subjective experience of pleasure or enjoyment, while motivational consequences refer to the desire or motivation to seek the reward.
- What is the main psychological change induced by repeated drug exposure according to the text?
The main psychological change induced by repeated drug exposure is hypersensitivity to the incentive motivational effects of drugs and drug-associated stimuli. This results in increased salience, attractiveness, and association with the drugs, leading to pathological motivation for drug taking.
- Explain the concept of 'incentive sensitization' and its impact on cue-associated stimuli in the context of drug exposure.
Incentive sensitization refers to the process of making stimuli and their mental representations highly salient, attractive, and 'wanted' as a result of repeated drug exposure. This hypersensitivity to cue-associated stimuli leads to a bias in attentional processing towards drugs and drug-associated cues, driving pathological motivation for drug taking.
- What evidence supports the sensitization of dopamine (DA) release following chronic exposure to psychostimulants?
Boileau et al. (2006) provided evidence for the sensitization of dopamine (DA) release following chronic exposure to psychostimulants. Their study showed that repeated exposure to psychostimulants resulted in increased DA release in the striatum even a year after the last drug treatment, indicating long-term sensitization effects.
- How does cocaine sensitization impact the conditioned reinforcing effects of cocaine-associated stimuli according to Robinson & Berridge (1993)?
Robinson & Berridge (1993) found that cocaine sensitization increases the conditioned reinforcing effects of cocaine-associated stimuli. This means that cues associated with cocaine, such as a light, gain incentive properties and become capable of supporting and driving behavior due to their increased incentive value.
- Discuss the impact of previous experience with drugs on the dopamine (DA) system according to Cox et al. (2006).
Cox et al. (2006) demonstrated that previous experience with drugs sensitizes the dopamine (DA) system, leading to a greater size of the change in Raclopride binding. This indicates that individuals with more lifetime experience with drugs show an enhanced DA response, suggesting sensitization of the DA system.
- Explain the concept of 'incentive salience' and its role in driving behaviors associated with drug consumption.
Incentive salience refers to the process of attributing highly salient, attractive, and 'wanted' properties to stimuli and their mental representations. In the context of drug consumption, this hypersensitivity to incentive salience causes cues associated with drugs to become very salient and powerful in driving behaviors, leading to pathological motivation for drug taking.
- What is the impact of sensitization of dopamine (DA) release on the liking and desire for drugs according to Boileau et al. (2006)?
Boileau et al. (2006) found that sensitization of dopamine (DA) release following chronic exposure to psychostimulants results in an increased DA release without a corresponding increase in reported liking and desire for the drug. This indicates that the sensitization of DA release primarily affects the motivational 'wanting' component rather than the affective 'liking' component of drug consumption.
Study Notes
Hedonia Model and Dopamine's Role in Pleasure and Rewards
- Hedonia model identifies pleasure as a motivational system driving behavior
- Drugs are addictive because they produce euphoria and increase affective state
- Mesolimbic DA system is common underlying neuronal activity for drugs
- Drugs "hijack" the DA system, leading to extreme behavior and brain adaptation
- Mesolimbic DA system represents a synaptic way station for pleasure and rewards
- Psychostimulant drugs increase DA levels in NAc, and DA-R antagonists attenuate reward behaviors
- DA is critical for intracranial self-administration and rewards like food
- Blocking DA transmission does not affect the rewarding nature of heroin in rats
- Subjective pleasure correlates with occupancy of DA receptors in the human striatum
- Some degree of reward function is possible without DA, and opiates might act through two separate DA transmissions
- Chronic use of opiates shifts the drug system and animals need to go through withdrawal for CPP
- Opiates act at two points, VTA and NAc, and first drug use is often dysphoric but becomes compulsive over time
Test your knowledge of the Hedonia model and the role of dopamine in pleasure and rewards with this quiz. Explore how drugs affect the mesolimbic DA system, the impact of psychostimulant drugs, and the correlation between DA receptors and subjective pleasure. Delve into the complexities of opiates and their effects on the brain's reward system.
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