Chapter 32

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Questions and Answers

Majority of plasma proteins are produced by the

Kidneys

Gallbladder

Liver (correct)

Heart

A dehydrated animal usually has a relatively _____ total protein concentration

Elevated (hyperproteinemia) (correct)

Decreased (hypoproteinemia)

An overly hydrated animal usually has a relatively ______ total protein concentration

Elevated (hyperproteinemia)

Decreased (hypoproteinemia) (correct)

One of the most important proteins in plasma, makes up 35% to 50% of total plasma protein in most animals and any significant state of hypoproteinemia is most likely caused by loss of this protein

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

Any diffuse liver disease may result in decreased _____ synthesis

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

Synthesized in the liver and primarily transport and bind proteins. Two important proteins in this fraction are high-density lipoproteins and very-low-density lipoproteins

Alpha globulins Signup and view all the answers

Include complement C3/C4, transferrin and ferritin which are responsible for heme binding, iron transport and fibrin formation and lysis

Beta globulins Signup and view all the answers

Immunoglobulins synthesized by plasma cells, are responsible for antibody production

Gamma globulins Signup and view all the answers

Malfunctions in the liver or gallbladder may result in

Hypoalbuminemia Signup and view all the answers

An insoluble molecule derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin by macrophages in the spleen

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

It is important that samples be protected from light to ensure accurate results because ____ can also be broken down with exposure to light

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Match

Indicate problems with uptake (hepatic damage) = Increases in unconjugated bilirubin Indicate bile duct obstruction = Increases in conjugated bilirubin <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Aid in fat absorption by enabling the formation of micelles in the gastrointestinal system and modulate cholesterol levels via bile acid synthesis

Bile acids Signup and view all the answers

Match

90-95% of bile acids = are actively reabsorbed in the ileum 5-10% of bile acids = are excreted in the feces Plasma lipoprotein produced primarily in the liver and also ingested in food = Cholesterol Present as isoenzymes in many tissues, particularly osteoblasts in bone, chondroblasts in cartilage, the intestine, the placenta and cells of the hepatobiliary system in the liver = Alkaline phosphate Signup and view all the answers

The common enzyme tests of liver function that are performed in small animal vet practice are

ALT Signup and view all the answers

Cholestasis causes an increase in serum cholesterol in some species

True Signup and view all the answers

Sometimes used as a screening test for hypothyroidism

Cholesterol assay Signup and view all the answers

In dogs, cats, and primate the major source of _ is the hepatocyte, where the enzyme is found free in the cytoplasm. _ is considered a liver specific enzyme in these species. The administration of corticosteroids or anticonvulsant medications may result in increased serum ___ levels

ALT Signup and view all the answers

_ is present in hepatocytes which are found free in the cytoplasm as well as bound to the mitochondrial membrane, More severe liver damage is required to release the membrane-bound _.

AST Signup and view all the answers

____ is a mitochondrial-bound enzyme found in high concentrations in the hepatocytes of cattle, sheep and goats. Increase in this enzyme is indicative of hepatocyte damage or necrosis in cattle and sheep

GLDH Signup and view all the answers

The blood GGT level is elevated in pts with liver disease, especially in those with obstructive liver disease

True Signup and view all the answers

Dogs horses sheep and goat the albumin concentration is usually _____ than globulins

Greater 1.00 Signup and view all the answers

Pigs, cattle and cats albumin concentration is usually ________ than globulins

Equal or less than 1.00 Signup and view all the answers

Acute inflammation or tissue damage may elevate plasma fibrinogen

True Signup and view all the answers

Clinical signs of malfunction in the liver include

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Why is bilirubin and bile acids test more sensitive than other substances produced by hepatocytes

Because test results may not show abnormalities may not show until 2/3rds to 3/4th of liver tissue is damaged Signup and view all the answers

if there is increase of conjugated bilirubin what is it indicative of

Bile duct obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Serum concentration of bile acids do not correlate with portal concentration

False Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes released from damaged hepatocytes include

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plasma Proteins

Majority of plasma proteins are produced by the liver

Total Protein Concentration

A dehydrated animal has a relatively high total protein concentration
An overly hydrated animal has a relatively low total protein concentration

Albumin

Makes up 35% to 50% of total plasma protein in most animals
Any significant state of hypoproteinemia is most likely caused by loss of albumin
Synthesized in the liver

Globulins

Include complement C3/C4, transferrin, and ferritin
Responsible for heme binding, iron transport, and fibrin formation and lysis
Immunoglobulins synthesized by plasma cells, responsible for antibody production

Lipoproteins

Synthesized in the liver and primarily transport and bind proteins
Two important proteins in this fraction are high-density lipoproteins and very-low-density lipoproteins

Liver Function Tests

Malfunctions in the liver or gallbladder may result in increased bilirubin levels
Bilirubin and bile acids tests are more sensitive than other substances produced by hepatocytes
Enzymes released from damaged hepatocytes include ALP, AST, ALT, and GGT

Bilirubin and Bile Acids

Bilirubin is an insoluble molecule derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin by macrophages in the spleen
Bilirubin can also be broken down with exposure to light
Increase in conjugated bilirubin is indicative of liver disease or cholestasis
Serum concentration of bile acids does not correlate with portal concentration

Enzymes

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) is a liver-specific enzyme in dogs, cats, and primates
AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) is present in hepatocytes, found free in the cytoplasm and bound to the mitochondrial membrane
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) is a mitochondrial-bound enzyme found in high concentrations in the hepatocytes of cattle, sheep, and goats
GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase) level is elevated in patients with liver disease, especially in those with obstructive liver disease

Liver Damage and Disease

Cholestasis causes an increase in serum cholesterol in some species
Clinical signs of liver malfunction include jaundice, vomiting, and anorexia
Acute inflammation or tissue damage may elevate plasma fibrinogen

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Questions and Answers

Majority of plasma proteins are produced by the

A dehydrated animal usually has a relatively _____ total protein concentration

An overly hydrated animal usually has a relatively ______ total protein concentration

One of the most important proteins in plasma, makes up 35% to 50% of total plasma protein in most animals and any significant state of hypoproteinemia is most likely caused by loss of this protein

Any diffuse liver disease may result in decreased _____ synthesis

Synthesized in the liver and primarily transport and bind proteins. Two important proteins in this fraction are high-density lipoproteins and very-low-density lipoproteins

Include complement C3/C4, transferrin and ferritin which are responsible for heme binding, iron transport and fibrin formation and lysis

Immunoglobulins synthesized by plasma cells, are responsible for antibody production

Malfunctions in the liver or gallbladder may result in

An insoluble molecule derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin by macrophages in the spleen

It is important that samples be protected from light to ensure accurate results because ____ can also be broken down with exposure to light

Match

Aid in fat absorption by enabling the formation of micelles in the gastrointestinal system and modulate cholesterol levels via bile acid synthesis

Match

The common enzyme tests of liver function that are performed in small animal vet practice are

Cholestasis causes an increase in serum cholesterol in some species

Sometimes used as a screening test for hypothyroidism

In dogs, cats, and primate the major source of ___ is the hepatocyte, where the enzyme is found free in the cytoplasm. ___ is considered a liver specific enzyme in these species. The administration of corticosteroids or anticonvulsant medications may result in increased serum ___ levels

___ is present in hepatocytes which are found free in the cytoplasm as well as bound to the mitochondrial membrane, More severe liver damage is required to release the membrane-bound ___.

____ is a mitochondrial-bound enzyme found in high concentrations in the hepatocytes of cattle, sheep and goats. Increase in this enzyme is indicative of hepatocyte damage or necrosis in cattle and sheep

The blood GGT level is elevated in pts with liver disease, especially in those with obstructive liver disease

Dogs horses sheep and goat the albumin concentration is usually _____ than globulins

Pigs, cattle and cats albumin concentration is usually ________ than globulins

Acute inflammation or tissue damage may elevate plasma fibrinogen

Clinical signs of malfunction in the liver include

Why is bilirubin and bile acids test more sensitive than other substances produced by hepatocytes

if there is increase of conjugated bilirubin what is it indicative of

Serum concentration of bile acids do not correlate with portal concentration

Enzymes released from damaged hepatocytes include

Study Notes

Plasma Proteins

Total Protein Concentration

Albumin

Globulins

Lipoproteins

Liver Function Tests

Bilirubin and Bile Acids

Enzymes

Liver Damage and Disease

Studying That Suits You

Description

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In dogs, cats, and primate the major source of _ is the hepatocyte, where the enzyme is found free in the cytoplasm. _ is considered a liver specific enzyme in these species. The administration of corticosteroids or anticonvulsant medications may result in increased serum ___ levels

_ is present in hepatocytes which are found free in the cytoplasm as well as bound to the mitochondrial membrane, More severe liver damage is required to release the membrane-bound _.