Plasma Membranes and Nucleus

Chapter 14: Plasma Membranes

• Plasma membranes consist of various lipids.
• Proteins associate with the plasma membrane in different ways.
• Plasma membrane domains have specific functions because of their unique composition.
• Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions drive lipid bilayer formation.
• Integral membrane proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer, whereas peripheral membrane proteins are associated with the membrane surface.
• Molecules that can diffuse through a lipid bilayer differ from those that require transporters.
• Transporters, such as carrier proteins, move small molecules across the membrane.
• Ion channels differ from carrier proteins in their transport mechanism.
• The sodium/potassium pump uses energy to transport ions against their concentration gradients.
• Ion gradients across the plasma membrane can power active transport processes.

Chapter 10: Nucleus

• The nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediate transport into and out of the nucleus.
• Proteins are transported into and out of the nucleus through the NPC.
• Transport across the nuclear envelope regulates gene expression.
• Nuclear localization signals (NLS) are sequences that target proteins for import into the nucleus.

Chapter 11: Protein Sorting and Transport

• Mechanisms mediate the entry and sorting of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• Smooth ER and rough ER have distinct roles, including lipid synthesis and protein synthesis/modification, respectively.
• Transport to and retrieval from the Golgi apparatus are essential for its function.
• The structure of the Golgi apparatus relates closely to its function in processing and packaging proteins.
• Proteins are exported from the Golgi via specific routes.
• Vesicular transport involves vesicles budding off from one membrane and fusing with another.
• Vesicles dock and fuse with the correct target membrane through specific mechanisms.
• Lysosomes break down cellular waste and debris.
• Lysosomes are formed through a specific biogenesis process.

Chapter 13: Cytoskeleton

• Actin filaments exhibit dynamic behavior, and actin-binding proteins regulate their assembly and function.
• Actin filaments are organized in specific ways beneath the plasma membrane.
• Remodeling of actin filaments underlies cell motility.
• Microtubules display dynamic instability in their structure.
• Microtubule growth is initiated within cells at microtubule organizing centers.
• Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the organization of microtubules.
• Kinesins and dyneins are motor proteins with distinct properties.
• Organelles and other cargo are transported on microtubules via motor proteins.
• The mitotic spindle is structured with microtubules.
• Intermediate filament proteins are classified into different types.
• Intermediate filaments have a characteristic structure.
• Intermediate filaments within cells determine cell structure and behavior.

Chapter 15: Cell Interactions

• Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix with distinct structural properties.
• Integrins mediate cell-matrix junctions and cell signaling.
• Selective cell-cell adhesion involves different types of adhesion molecules.
• Epithelial cell junctions can be categorized based on their structure and function.