Atherosclerosis Lecture 1 Entire Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of blood vessels is composed of concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?

  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica externa
  • Capillaries
  • Tunica media (correct)

    • Which blood vessels have the thickest walls compared to veins of similar size?

  • Arteries (correct)
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
  • Arterioles

    • Which cells form a barrier that contains blood within the lumen of the vessel?

  • Leukocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Endothelial cells (correct)

    • What happens to the wall thickness of blood vessels in response to sustained high blood pressure?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Transporting hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pressure and vascular resistance in the pulmonary circulation compare to that in the systemic circuit?

    <p>The pressure and vascular resistance are the same in both circulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They can cause rapid expansion of the plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque formation?

    <p>They weaken the fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>A defect in the LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism for plasma clearance of LDL?

    <p>LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Left anterior descending (LAD) artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does peak blood flow occur?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an endothelial factor that regulates vascular tone?

    <p>Endothelin 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of arterial wall becoming less compliant?

    <p>Increase in blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about veins and arteries?

    <p>Veins are more compliant than arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the circulating blood volume is typically stored in the systemic veins and venules?

    <p>60% to 68%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is blood velocity highest and lowest in the circulatory system?

    <p>Highest in aorta, lowest in capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no correlation between the two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It can occur in both males and females without signs of disease in the large coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It is present in both males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for modulating the immune response?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances secreted by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Endothelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the wall thickness of blood vessels in response to sustained high blood pressure?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They have a thick fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Defect in the LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque formation?

    <p>They degrade collagen and elastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Diminished synthesis of nitric oxide and prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Acute changes in complex plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of nitric oxide in vascular health?

    <p>Increases endothelial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Covers the necrotic plaque core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Carrying hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Its primary goal is to remove carbon dioxide from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the systemic circulation?

    <p>Redistribution of blood flow is not an adaptive mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism for oxygen delivery to the heart muscle?

    <p>Oxygen is delivered via the left and right coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors regulates vascular tone by diffusing into and relaxing neighboring arterial smooth muscle?

    <p>NO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neural factor that regulates vascular resistance?

    <p>Parasympathetic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Transporting hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the pulmonary circulation originate from?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circulation is true?

    <p>It removes carbon dioxide from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances secreted by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Endothelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have the thickest walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It is present in both males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathological analysis reveal about the relationship between coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>Presence of neovascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Defect in LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a metabolic factor that regulates vascular tone?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the posterior one third of the interventricular septum?

    <p>Right coronary artery (RCA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neural factor that regulates vascular resistance?

    <p>Parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of females with angina compared to males?

    <p>More likely to report exertional angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the biophysics of flow velocity in the circulatory system?

    <p>Slow blood velocity is the foundation for capillary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of lipids and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of nitric oxide in vascular health?

    <p>Increases shear stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of atherosclerosis in the circulatory system?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary role of blood?

    <p>Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To oxygenate blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the systemic circulation?

    <p>It starts with the aorta and branches into numerous parallel vascular circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Left anterior descending artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does peak blood flow occur?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances secreted by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Endothelin 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Buildup of plaque in the arterial wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have the thickest walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque formation?

    <p>Break down extracellular matrix in the arterial wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They have a thick fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Regulating body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an endothelial factor that regulates vascular tone?

    <p>Matrix metalloproteinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Affects less than one in 250,000 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Decreased synthesis of nitric oxide and prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Complete obstruction of the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances secreted by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Endothelin-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque formation?

    <p>Promote plaque stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It can occur in both males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no relationship between the two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Delivering hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise and rest, how does cardiac output vary?

    <p>Cardiac output increases during exercise and decreases during rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circulation is true?

    <p>Oxygenated blood is returned to the right atrium by means of the pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for modulating vascular tone?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances secreted by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Endothelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have the thickest walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of turbulent flow in the circulatory system?

    <p>It occurs in areas of vascular branching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Inflammatory debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide in vascular health?

    <p>Promotes vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of atherosclerosis in the circulatory system?

    <p>Abdominal aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They are more likely to rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Plaque enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Defect in the LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous (intestinal) pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom that is more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It is present in both males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathological analysis reveal about the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>The relationship is not well understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates vascular tone in the coronary arteries?

    <p>EDHF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the apex of the heart?

    <p>Left anterior descending (LAD) artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>Decreased coronary blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Transporting hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the systemic circulation is true?

    <p>Blood flow and pressure are higher in the systemic circulation compared to the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells that can migrate into the intima, proliferate, and augment synthesis of extracellular matrix macromolecules?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for modulating vascular tone?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have uniquely thin walls composed of only endothelial cells and basement membrane?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of elastic fibers in large arteries?

    <p>To reduce wall tension and avoid rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do recent studies reveal about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It is equally common in males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathological analysis reveal about the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>The relationship is unclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Cholesterol accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>To protect the necrotic plaque core from blood contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the circulating blood volume is typically stored in the systemic veins and venules?

    <p>60% to 68%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular health?

    <p>Maintains vessel patency and vascular wall health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They are more likely to cause infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of nitric oxide in vascular health?

    <p>Stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Growth of the plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Defect in the LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors primarily regulates plasma clearance of LDL?

    <p>LDL receptor–mediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Left anterior descending artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors regulates vascular tone by diffusing into and relaxing neighboring arterial smooth muscle?

    <p>NO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neural factor that regulates vascular resistance?

    <p>Parasympathetic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Severely narrowed coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have recent studies identified in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells that can migrate into the intima, proliferate, and augment synthesis of extracellular matrix macromolecules?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances secreted by endothelial cells causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Endothelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Smooth muscle cell migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have the thickest walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Assisting in the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, what happens to the redistribution of blood flow in the systemic circulation?

    <p>Blood flow increases to vital organs such as the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of lipids and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Prevent plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular health?

    <p>Maintain vessel patency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a metabolic factor that regulates vascular tone?

    <p>Prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neural factor that regulates vascular resistance?

    <p>Parasympathetic discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>Presence of a fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>Positive relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They are more likely to rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of nitric oxide in vascular health?

    <p>Stimulating neovascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom that is more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for plasma clearance of LDL?

    <p>Uptake by hepatic LDL receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have recent studies identified in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the systemic circulation?

    <p>To carry nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of blood redistribution during exercise and rest?

    <p>To ensure that blood is being directed to areas with greater metabolic need during times of increased activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells that can migrate into the intima, proliferate, and augment synthesis of extracellular matrix macromolecules?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of cholesterol plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have uniquely thin walls composed of only endothelial cells and basement membrane?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular health?

    <p>Causes vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Decreased nitric oxide production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of atherosclerosis in the circulatory system?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>To maintain vessel patency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is a direct correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates vascular tone in the coronary arteries?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the posterior walls of the left ventricle?

    <p>Right coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angina in females compared to males?

    <p>More likely to report exertional angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They are more likely to rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Formation of plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque formation?

    <p>They degrade collagen and elastin in the fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They are more likely to rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Producing antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>To prevent plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide in vascular health?

    <p>To promote vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the biophysics of flow velocity in the circulatory system?

    <p>Flow velocity is highest in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Nausea or indigestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have recent studies identified in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>Coronary artery narrowing can cause myocardial ischemia without any signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Cholesterol accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular health?

    <p>Promotes vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of arterial wall becoming less compliant?

    <p>Increase in blood velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which plasma clearance of LDL occurs?

    <p>LDL receptor–mediated endocytosis in the liver and peripheral cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Left anterior descending (LAD) artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Formation of plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Transporting hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>It is responsible for oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the systemic circulation?

    <p>Each circuit dynamically adapts to the tissues' metabolic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Producing hormones at the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>It removes carbon dioxide from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise and rest, how does the cardiac output vary?

    <p>The cardiac output increases during exercise and decreases during rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have the thickest walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Buildup of plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular health?

    <p>Causes vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It can occur without signs of lumen narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathological analysis reveal about the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Diminished synthesis of nitric oxide and prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Accumulation of lipids and macrophages in the artery wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common site of atherosclerosis in the circulatory system?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>To keep blood from encountering the necrotic plaque core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle, the apex of the heart, and the anterior two thirds of the interventricular septum?

    <p>Left anterior descending (LAD) artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary metabolic mediator of vascular tone in states of tissue hypoxia?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Atherosclerotic plaque formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They can heal with fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Defect in the LDL receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque formation?

    <p>They weaken the fibrous cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous (intestinal) pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Delivering hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To remove carbon dioxide from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise and rest, how does cardiac output vary?

    <p>Cardiac output decreases during exercise and increases during rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have uniquely thin walls composed of only endothelial cells and basement membrane?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels branch into arterioles and represent the primary site of systemic vascular resistance?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have thicker walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>They are more likely to rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Plaque growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>To protect against plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells that can migrate into the intima, proliferate, and augment synthesis of extracellular matrix macromolecules?

    <p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism for plasma clearance of LDL?

    <p>LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors regulates vascular tone by diffusing into and relaxing neighboring arterial smooth muscle?

    <p>NO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Plaque formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between blood flow velocity and shear stress?

    <p>Shear stress is directly related to blood flow velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about atherosclerosis is correct?

    <p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of atherosclerotic narrowing or obstruction of the vessel lumen?

    <p>Dilation (aneurysm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common site of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Thoracic aorta and femoral and popliteal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be experienced by females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw; shortness of breath; nausea or indigestion; and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathological analysis reveal about the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>Females with severe myocardial ischemia may have no angiographic signs of lumen narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It is present in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary role of blood?

    <p>Transporting hormones from their point of production to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise and rest, how does cardiac output vary?

    <p>Cardiac output decreases during exercise and increases during rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle cells with both contractile and synthetic capabilities?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have thicker walls compared to veins of similar size?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Migration of smooth muscle cells into the intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism for plasma clearance of LDL?

    <p>LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates vascular tone by diffusing into and relaxing neighboring arterial smooth muscle?

    <p>Endothelin 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does coronary blood flow increase?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neural factor that regulates vascular resistance?

    <p>Parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are more likely to be associated with females with angina compared to males?

    <p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the extent of coronary artery narrowing and the amount of myocardial ischemia in females with angina?

    <p>There is no correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research found about coronary microvascular dysfunction in individuals with angina and myocardial infarction?

    <p>It is present in both males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels have the highest blood flow velocity?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Decreased nitric oxide production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To supply blood to the lungs for oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of atherosclerosis in the circulatory system?

    <p>Thoracic aorta and femoral and popliteal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vulnerable plaques?

    <p>Healing with fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vessel lumen narrowing in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Excessive matrix deposition by SMCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular health?

    <p>Regulates vascular tone and inhibits platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the absorption of dietary fats by the small intestine?

    <p>Exogenous (intestinal) pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

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