Podcast
Questions and Answers
Plants recognize PAMPs, DAMPs, and HAMPs through intracellular receptors with NLRs to induce defenses.
Plants recognize PAMPs, DAMPs, and HAMPs through intracellular receptors with NLRs to induce defenses.
False
RNA silencing is a minor immune mechanism used by plants compared to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).
RNA silencing is a minor immune mechanism used by plants compared to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).
False
Most plant viruses have evolved RNA-silencing suppressor effectors to counter the recognition of siRNA elicitors.
Most plant viruses have evolved RNA-silencing suppressor effectors to counter the recognition of siRNA elicitors.
True
Changes in plant immunity can have ecological consequences, such as increased resistance to insect pests through changes in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.
Changes in plant immunity can have ecological consequences, such as increased resistance to insect pests through changes in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.
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True or false: Hemipterans are primarily known for transmitting fungal plant pathogens?
True or false: Hemipterans are primarily known for transmitting fungal plant pathogens?
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True or false: Hemipteran vectors and viruses have typically been studied together on a molecular level until recently?
True or false: Hemipteran vectors and viruses have typically been studied together on a molecular level until recently?
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True or false: Molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur only in cases where the virus benefits from the interaction?
True or false: Molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur only in cases where the virus benefits from the interaction?
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True or false: Hemipterans and viruses target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways?
True or false: Hemipterans and viruses target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways?
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Over 70% of plant viruses depend on insect vectors for transmission among hosts, primarily from the order Hemiptera, including aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and mealybugs.
Over 70% of plant viruses depend on insect vectors for transmission among hosts, primarily from the order Hemiptera, including aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and mealybugs.
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During initial host contact, feeding, and virus transmission, hemipterans secrete saliva containing effectors and elicitors.
During initial host contact, feeding, and virus transmission, hemipterans secrete saliva containing effectors and elicitors.
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Mutualisms are common in plant–virus–vector interactions, where both the virus and vector benefit.
Mutualisms are common in plant–virus–vector interactions, where both the virus and vector benefit.
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Identifying cases of effector synergisms in plant–virus–vector interactions involves reviewing the literature, demonstrating conserved host targets, and proposing methods to detect such interactions.
Identifying cases of effector synergisms in plant–virus–vector interactions involves reviewing the literature, demonstrating conserved host targets, and proposing methods to detect such interactions.
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Whiteflies primarily transmit viruses from the families Geminiviridae, Closteroviridae, Secoviridae, and Potyviridae.
Whiteflies primarily transmit viruses from the families Geminiviridae, Closteroviridae, Secoviridae, and Potyviridae.
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Aphids transmit viruses from the families Potyviridae, Bromoviridae, Secoviridae, Caulimoviridae, Closteroviridae, Nanoviridae, and Reovirodae.
Aphids transmit viruses from the families Potyviridae, Bromoviridae, Secoviridae, Caulimoviridae, Closteroviridae, Nanoviridae, and Reovirodae.
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Mutualisms modify the morphology, physiology, or behavior of one partner to provide services for the other, such as virus transmission between hosts.
Mutualisms modify the morphology, physiology, or behavior of one partner to provide services for the other, such as virus transmission between hosts.
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The authors found positive impacts on vector performance for viruses from families Geminiviridae, Closteroviridae, and Luteoviridae, while fewer studies reported negative impacts for these families.
The authors found positive impacts on vector performance for viruses from families Geminiviridae, Closteroviridae, and Luteoviridae, while fewer studies reported negative impacts for these families.
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Virus effectors interacting with transcription factors can result in decreased performance of B. tabaci on affected plants.
Virus effectors interacting with transcription factors can result in decreased performance of B. tabaci on affected plants.
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Mp1, a M. persicae effector, increases the levels of the plant trafficking pathway protein VPS52 to decrease M. persicae performance.
Mp1, a M. persicae effector, increases the levels of the plant trafficking pathway protein VPS52 to decrease M. persicae performance.
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BtFer1, a B. tabaci effector, promotes H2O2 and callose production in plants.
BtFer1, a B. tabaci effector, promotes H2O2 and callose production in plants.
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Vector effectors, such as Me10 and ApHRCs, have known interactions with plant proteins and pathways to benefit the vector.
Vector effectors, such as Me10 and ApHRCs, have known interactions with plant proteins and pathways to benefit the vector.
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Study Notes
- Virus effectors can target plant defense signaling pathways at the transcriptional level by interacting with transcription factors that regulate plant defense responses.
- Some whitefly-transmitted Begomoviruses encode a single protein called bC1 that interacts with and disrupts the function of various plant transcription factors, including MYC2, PIF, and WRKY20.
- Plant species affected by these interactions include N. tabacum, A. thaliana, and Gossypium barbadense.
- Interactions with these transcription factors can result in increased B. tabaci performance, altered glucosinolate profiles, or increased attraction of B. tabaci to the plant.
- Vector effectors, such as Bsp9 and Mp1, can also target plant proteins and pathways to benefit the virus or the vector.
- Bsp9, a B. tabaci effector, suppresses the plant immune response by interacting with WRKY33 and MPK6.
- Mp1, a M. persicae effector, reduces the levels of the plant trafficking pathway protein VPS52 to increase M. persicae performance.
- Virus effectors, such as C2 and 2b, can interact with protein degradation pathways to prevent the degradation of key plant defense proteins and promote the production of glucosinolates or volatiles.
- C2, a TYLCV effector, interacts with the ubiquitin precursor RPS27A to prevent JAZ1 degradation and MYC2 and terpene synthase induction, leading to increased B. tabaci performance.
- 2b, a CMV effector, interacts with JAZ proteins to prevent their degradation and the induction of downstream signaling and volatiles, while also suppressing AGO1.
- Vector effectors, such as Me10 and ApHRCs, can interact with plant proteins and pathways in unknown ways to benefit the vector.
- Me10, a M. eurphorbiae effector, interacts with the TFT7 protein, but the mechanisms of this interaction are unknown.
- ApHRCs, proteins induced by Serratia symbiotica in A. pisum, may suppress Ca2+, ROS, and JA/SA-related transcript induction, leading to increased feeding duration for the vector.
- BtFer1, a B. tabaci effector, exhibits Fe2+ binding ability and ferroxidase activity, suppressing H2O2 and callose production, proteinase inhibitor activation, and JA signaling in plants.
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Description
Explore the complex interactions between plants and viruses, including the ways in which virus infection can influence vector behavior and transmission. This quiz covers the genetic control of virus benefits and the natural mechanisms involved in plant-virus interactions.
