20 Questions
Plants recognize PAMPs, DAMPs, and HAMPs through intracellular receptors with NLRs to induce defenses.
False
RNA silencing is a minor immune mechanism used by plants compared to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).
False
Most plant viruses have evolved RNA-silencing suppressor effectors to counter the recognition of siRNA elicitors.
True
Changes in plant immunity can have ecological consequences, such as increased resistance to insect pests through changes in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.
True
True or false: Hemipterans are primarily known for transmitting fungal plant pathogens?
False
True or false: Hemipteran vectors and viruses have typically been studied together on a molecular level until recently?
False
True or false: Molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur only in cases where the virus benefits from the interaction?
False
True or false: Hemipterans and viruses target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways?
True
Over 70% of plant viruses depend on insect vectors for transmission among hosts, primarily from the order Hemiptera, including aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and mealybugs.
True
During initial host contact, feeding, and virus transmission, hemipterans secrete saliva containing effectors and elicitors.
True
Mutualisms are common in plant–virus–vector interactions, where both the virus and vector benefit.
True
Identifying cases of effector synergisms in plant–virus–vector interactions involves reviewing the literature, demonstrating conserved host targets, and proposing methods to detect such interactions.
True
Whiteflies primarily transmit viruses from the families Geminiviridae, Closteroviridae, Secoviridae, and Potyviridae.
True
Aphids transmit viruses from the families Potyviridae, Bromoviridae, Secoviridae, Caulimoviridae, Closteroviridae, Nanoviridae, and Reovirodae.
True
Mutualisms modify the morphology, physiology, or behavior of one partner to provide services for the other, such as virus transmission between hosts.
True
The authors found positive impacts on vector performance for viruses from families Geminiviridae, Closteroviridae, and Luteoviridae, while fewer studies reported negative impacts for these families.
True
Virus effectors interacting with transcription factors can result in decreased performance of B. tabaci on affected plants.
False
Mp1, a M. persicae effector, increases the levels of the plant trafficking pathway protein VPS52 to decrease M. persicae performance.
False
BtFer1, a B. tabaci effector, promotes H2O2 and callose production in plants.
False
Vector effectors, such as Me10 and ApHRCs, have known interactions with plant proteins and pathways to benefit the vector.
False
Study Notes
- Virus effectors can target plant defense signaling pathways at the transcriptional level by interacting with transcription factors that regulate plant defense responses.
- Some whitefly-transmitted Begomoviruses encode a single protein called bC1 that interacts with and disrupts the function of various plant transcription factors, including MYC2, PIF, and WRKY20.
- Plant species affected by these interactions include N. tabacum, A. thaliana, and Gossypium barbadense.
- Interactions with these transcription factors can result in increased B. tabaci performance, altered glucosinolate profiles, or increased attraction of B. tabaci to the plant.
- Vector effectors, such as Bsp9 and Mp1, can also target plant proteins and pathways to benefit the virus or the vector.
- Bsp9, a B. tabaci effector, suppresses the plant immune response by interacting with WRKY33 and MPK6.
- Mp1, a M. persicae effector, reduces the levels of the plant trafficking pathway protein VPS52 to increase M. persicae performance.
- Virus effectors, such as C2 and 2b, can interact with protein degradation pathways to prevent the degradation of key plant defense proteins and promote the production of glucosinolates or volatiles.
- C2, a TYLCV effector, interacts with the ubiquitin precursor RPS27A to prevent JAZ1 degradation and MYC2 and terpene synthase induction, leading to increased B. tabaci performance.
- 2b, a CMV effector, interacts with JAZ proteins to prevent their degradation and the induction of downstream signaling and volatiles, while also suppressing AGO1.
- Vector effectors, such as Me10 and ApHRCs, can interact with plant proteins and pathways in unknown ways to benefit the vector.
- Me10, a M. eurphorbiae effector, interacts with the TFT7 protein, but the mechanisms of this interaction are unknown.
- ApHRCs, proteins induced by Serratia symbiotica in A. pisum, may suppress Ca2+, ROS, and JA/SA-related transcript induction, leading to increased feeding duration for the vector.
- BtFer1, a B. tabaci effector, exhibits Fe2+ binding ability and ferroxidase activity, suppressing H2O2 and callose production, proteinase inhibitor activation, and JA signaling in plants.
Explore the complex interactions between plants and viruses, including the ways in which virus infection can influence vector behavior and transmission. This quiz covers the genetic control of virus benefits and the natural mechanisms involved in plant-virus interactions.
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