Plant Virology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of nucleic acid do viruses that infect plants typically have?

Single stranded DNA

Single stranded RNA (correct)

Double stranded DNA

Double stranded RNA

What are the two main components of lichens?

Algal component and fungal component (correct)

Plant and animal

Bacterium and virus

Fungi and bacteria

Which virus is known to cause smallpox?

Retrovirus

Poxvirus (correct)

Influenza virus

Herpes virus

What is the primary structure that protects the nucleic acid in a virus?

Capsid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of agents are viroids classified as?

Infectious agents with no protein coat (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of gametes do isogamous organisms produce?

Similar gametes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is known to survive in extremely salty areas?

Halophiles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What method do conidia use for asexual reproduction?

Produced on conidiophores (D) Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by asci during sexual reproduction?

Ascocarps (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

Binary fission (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is an example of a basidiomycete?

Agaricus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bacteria are known for producing methane?

Methanogens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the cell wall structure of Archaebacteria?

Different from typical bacteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of reproduction for Deuteromycetes?

Asexual reproduction (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen?

Cyanobacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of mycelium do most fungi possess?

Branched and septate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What eventual structures do basidia form during reproduction?

Basidiospores (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cyanobacteria?

Unicellular, colonial or filamentous algae (C) Signup and view all the answers

What major role do most fungi play in the ecosystem?

Mineral cyclers and decomposers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do bacteria play in nutrient cycling?

They recycle nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria requires the absence of oxygen to survive?

Anaerobic bacteria (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of nutrition for higher animals?

Holozoic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do plants primarily depend on in their life cycles?

Alternation of generations (B) Signup and view all the answers

What classification system did Carl Linnaeus propose?

Two Kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is classified as an obligate parasite and not considered truly living?

Virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure do viruses possess that enables them to infect host cells?

Capsid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion in Whittaker's classification system?

Presence of red blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates Fungi from green plants?

Cell wall composition (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes viruses from cellular organisms?

Acellular structure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Under which group do Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra fall?

Algae (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with discovering the virus?

D.J. Ivanowsky (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nutritional mode of Monera?

Both autotrophic and heterotrophic (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the five-kingdom classification?

Viruses (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell structure do Protista have?

Eukaryotic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the genetic material found in viruses?

To replicate within host cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom includes unicellular organisms?

Monera (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do all members of the kingdom Animalia share in their cellular structure?

Nuclear membrane (D) Signup and view all the answers

What structure do some marine unicellular organisms have on their surface?

Silica shells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pseudopodia in certain protozoa?

Capturing prey (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungi are known to be used in the production of bread and beer?

Yeast (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm?

Coenocytic hyphae (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fusion of two gametes in the sexual cycle of fungi?

Plasmogamy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction involves the formation of zoospores in fungi?

Asexual reproduction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are lichens formed from?

Fungi and algae (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the fungal cell wall?

Chitin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Classification

Aristotle's classification was the earliest attempt at a more scientific basis. He categorized plants (trees, shrubs, herbs) and animals (those with red blood, those without).

Two Kingdom Classification

Proposed by Linnaeus in 1758.
Organisms are classified into two kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia.

Drawbacks of Two Kingdom Classification

Did not distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Included unicellular and multicellular organisms in the same group (e.g., algae and bacteria).
Misplaced fungi and bacteria, as these differ in cell walls (chitinous vs. cellulosic).

Five Kingdom Classification

Proposed by Whittaker in 1969.
Organism classification is based on cell structure, organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogeny.
Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)

Most abundant microorganisms.
Found in diverse habitats (soil, hot springs, deserts, oceans).
Many bacteria are parasites.
Bacterial structures vary; cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spore-forming types
Bacteria can be autotrophic (synthesize their own food from inorganic materials) or heterotrophic (obtain food from other organisms or dead organic matter).

Archaebacteria

Live in extreme environments (e.g., extremely salty, hot springs, marshy areas).
Possess a unique cell wall structure.
Methanogens are important archaebacteria present in the digestive tracts of ruminant animals.

Eubacteria

Possess a rigid cell wall and often a flagellum.
Include autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) and heterotrophic bacteria.
Many species are pathogens or beneficial decomposers.

Photosynthetic Autotrophs

Include cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
Unicellular, colonial, or filamentous and found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Form colonies and gelatinous sheaths.
Some fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts. Often form blooms in polluted waters.

Chemosynthetic Autotrophs

Oxidize inorganic substances like nitrates, nitrites, ammonia for ATP production.
Recycle nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur in ecosystems.

Heterotrophic Bacteria

Majority are decomposers in nature.
Used in food production like curd, and antibiotic production.
Some cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. (E.g. - cholera, typhoid, tetanus).

Reproduction in Bacteria

Primarily by fission.
Spores produced in unfavorable conditions.
Primitive form of sexual reproduction through DNA transfer from one bacterium to another.

Mycoplasmas

Smallest living cells.
Lack a cell wall.
Occur in animals and plants.
Many are pathogenic.

Kingdom Protista

Single-celled eukaryotes (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime molds, protozoans).
Diverse habitats (fresh and marine).
Major groups include Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime molds, and Protozoans.

Chrysophytes

Primarily freshwater, mainly microscopic, and photosynthetic organisms.
Diatoms are found in freshwater and marine environments. They have a cell wall made of silica - often called 'diatomaceous earth'.

Dinoflagellates

Mostly marine and photosynthetic organisms.
Their cell walls have stiff cellulose plates and they are often colored based on pigment types.
Some species can cause red tides, releasing toxins that can harm marine life and humans.

Euglenoids

Primarily freshwater.
Possess flexibility, thanks to the protein rich pellicle instead of a rigid cell wall.
Two flagella, one long and one short.
Can be autotrophic (photosynthetic in sunlight) or heterotrophic (predating on other tiny creatures in the dark).
Identical pigments observed in higher plants.

Slime Molds

Saprophytic (absorbing organic material from decaying twigs and leaves).
Under suitable conditions, they form plasmodium (a large aggregation of cells) that spreads across substrates over several feet.
Produce spores under unfavorable conditions.

Protozoans

Heterotrophic (predatory or parasitic protists.
Some are free-living and some are parasites.
Amoeboid, flagellated and ciliated forms.
Ex: Amoeba, trypanosoma, Plasmodium, paramecium.

Kingdom Fungi

Heterotrophic organisms that obtain their food by absorbing organic matter.
Diverse environments (soil, air, water, on plants and animals).
Include unicellular (like yeast) and filamentous forms (e.g., molds, mushrooms).
Important functions: decomposers, food source (yeast for baking, fermentation), antibiotic production and pathogenic organisms.
Classification based on mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies. (Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes).

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, containing chlorophyll and possessing cellulosic cell walls.
Photosynthetic producers, meaning they produce their own food.
Exhibit an alternation of generations (haploid and diploid phases in their life cycles).
Include various groups: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
Heterotrophic: obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Exhibit diverse modes of locomotion and various sensory mechanisms.
Sexual reproduction through male and female copulation, resulting in embryological development.
Broad groupings such as invertebrates (e.g. insects, crustaceans) and vertebrates (e.g. fishes, amphibians).

Viruses, Viroids, & Lichens

Acellular entities not included in the five-kingdom system.
Viruses: obligate intracellular parasites composed of RNA or DNA enclosed in a protein coat.
Viroids: only RNA with no protein component.
Lichens: symbiotic relationships between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria.

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Description

Test your knowledge about plant viruses and their characteristics. This quiz covers essential concepts such as nucleic acid types in viruses, components of lichens, and key facts about viroids. Prepare to enhance your understanding of plant virology.