Plant Virology Quiz

Single-celled organisms without a cell wall, known as the smallest living cells. They can survive without oxygen and are important decomposers. Many are pathogenic in animals and plants.

A type of bacteria that lives in extreme habitats like hot springs, salty areas, and marshy areas. They have a different cell wall structure than other bacteria to survive in harsh conditions.

Archaebacteria that produce methane gas (biogas) as a waste product. They are found in the guts of ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes.

Unicellular, colonial or filamentous algae. They often form blooms in polluted water bodies. Some fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts.

A type of reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This is the primary mode of reproduction for bacteria.

The process of transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another, which can occur under unfavorable conditions. It's considered a primitive form of sexual reproduction.

Aristotle, one of the earliest thinkers, categorized organisms into two main groups: plants and animals. He further subdivided plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs. Animals were classified based on the presence or absence of red blood.

Linnaeus proposed a two-kingdom system, classifying organisms as either plants or animals. This system was based on visible external features and served as a foundation for further classification.

They are single-celled eukaryotes, primarily aquatic, that are a link between plants, animals and fungi.

They are organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms or dead organic matter.

The Five-Kingdom System, proposed by Whittaker, categorizes organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This system is based on various factors like cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.

The Monera kingdom encompasses prokaryotes, organisms without a defined nucleus. It includes bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Protista includes diverse eukaryotic organisms, mainly unicellular, with a nucleus, but lacking complex tissues. Examples include algae and protozoa.

The Fungi kingdom encompasses heterotrophic organisms, meaning they get their nutrients from other sources. They have a chitinous cell wall and reproduce by spores.

The Plantae kingdom comprises multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cellulosic cell walls. They are autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis.

The Animalia kingdom contains multicellular, heterotrophic organisms with a complex organization of tissues, organs, and organ systems. They cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming other organisms.

Amoebas are protists that move and capture prey using pseudopodia, which are temporary extensions of their cytoplasm.

Paramecium are protists that move using cilia, tiny hair-like structures that help them swim in water.

Fungi are a kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their environment.

Hyphae are long, slender thread-like structures that make up the body of most fungi. They grow and form a network called mycelium.

Saprophytes are fungi that obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter, like decaying leaves, wood, or animals.

Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism (host) and benefit at the host's expense.

Symbiosis is a close and often long-term interaction between two different species. In a symbiotic relationship, both species can benefit, one can benefit while the other is unaffected, or one can benefit while the other is harmed.

Fungi that reproduce asexually through conidia formation.

Asexual spores produced by fungi, especially Deuteromycetes.

A fungal structure where karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) and meiosis occur, producing basidiospores.

Structures in fungi that produce basidiospores.

The process of two vegetative cells merging in fungi, leading to a dikaryotic state.

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to produce a diploid nucleus during sexual reproduction.

The process of cell division in fungi that produces haploid spores (basidiospores) from a diploid nucleus.

A specialized mycelium in fungi responsible for producing conidia (asexual spores).

Viruses are non-living entities that can only replicate inside a host cell. They consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid.

Viruses are classified based on the type of genetic material they contain (DNA or RNA) and whether it's single-stranded or double-stranded.

Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in plants and animals. In plants, symptoms include mosaic patterns, leaf curling, and stunted growth.

Viroids are smaller than viruses and consist only of RNA without a protein coat. They are known to cause diseases in plants, like potato spindle tuber disease.

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi, where both organisms benefit. The algae provides food through photosynthesis, and the fungi provide shelter and minerals.

A single-celled organism lacking a nucleus, like bacteria, which are found in diverse environments.

The process by which a virus replicates itself within a host cell, taking over the cell's machinery and often killing it.

The outer protein coat of a virus that protects its genetic material.

The genetic material within a virus, which can be either DNA or RNA.

An organism that obtains its nutrients by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis.

A distinct pattern of growth and development in organisms, resulting in a defined shape and size.

A classification system that organizes living organisms into five kingdoms based on cell structure, mode of nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.