Plant Vascular System
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Questions and Answers

What is the compound that irritates our eyes when we cut an onion?

  • Syn-propanethial-S-oxide
  • S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide
  • 1-propenyl sulfenic acid
  • Sulfuric acid (correct)

    • What is the name of the disease that affects all citrus plants?

  • Citrus greening (correct)
  • Huanglongbing
  • HLB-resistant citrus
  • Psyllid disease

    • What is the stage of a plant's life cycle that produces haploid spores through meiosis?

  • Haploid
  • Diploid
  • Sporophyte (correct)
  • Gametophyte

    • What is the characteristic of aster foliage?

    <p>They come in many sizes and colors of green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do mosses tend to live?

    <p>In moist environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of nontracheophytes?

    <p>They are seedless and lack vascular systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the antheridia in mosses?

    <p>To produce sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the haploid and diploid stages in plant life cycles?

    <p>The haploid stage has one set of chromosomes, and the diploid stage has two sets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is apogamy in ferns?

    <p>The growth of a sporophyte from a gametophyte without fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of angiosperms?

    <p>They have vascular systems and produce flowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary vascular tissues in plants?

    <p>Xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the xylem in plants?

    <p>Transportation of mineral salts and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of plants can vascular tissues not be found?

    <p>Non-vascular plants such as algae and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the vascular bundle in the roots of monocotyledons?

    <p>Xylem alternates with phloem, with a pith at the center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vascular tissues in plants?

    <p>Essential components in plant functionality, such as respiration and translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced in the anther of the stamen of the flower?

    <p>Pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of a plant towards the gravitational field?

    <p>Gravitropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants sense light?

    <p>Through photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plants bloom when there is less than a critical length of sunlight?

    <p>Short-day plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plants complete their life cycle in one growing season?

    <p>Annual plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of auxins in plant growth?

    <p>Promoting stem elongation and cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ovary in a flower?

    <p>To prepare for fertilization and protect developing seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique process of fertilization in angiosperms?

    <p>Double fertilization involving a sperm cell and two polar nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytokinins in plant growth?

    <p>Inhibiting plant aging and promoting cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of plant hormones that includes auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins?

    <p>Plant growth promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stigma in a flower?

    <p>To collect and rehydrate pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between monocot and dicot plants?

    <p>The number of cotyledons in their seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of biological pollution?

    <p>Pollen released by plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Clean Air Act of 1970?

    <p>To monitor and control air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere?

    <p>Air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Air Quality Index (AQI) established by the EPA?

    <p>To inform people about current air quality in their area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the earth's atmospheric temperature warming due to natural or manmade causes?

    <p>Global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the enhanced greenhouse effect?

    <p>An increase in the earth's average temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which light is converted into heat when it strikes the earth's surface?

    <p>Trapping of heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>An increase in the earth's average temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible causes of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Either natural or manmade causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Greenhouse effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the enhanced greenhouse effect on weather patterns?

    <p>A change in weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall trend in the earth's average temperature due to the increase in greenhouse gases?

    <p>A warming trend in the earth's average temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when syn-propanethial-S-oxide comes into contact with the water in our eyes?

    <p>It turns into sulfuric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of aster foliage?

    <p>It comes in many sizes and colors of green.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease that affects citrus plants and is spread by psyllids?

    <p>Citrus greening disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant life stage of most plants?

    <p>Sporophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do mosses tend to live in?

    <p>Moist environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the haploid and diploid stages in plant life cycles?

    <p>Haploid has only one set of chromosomes, while diploid has two sets of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the antheridia in mosses?

    <p>To produce male gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of nontracheophytes?

    <p>They are seedless and non-vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is apogamy in ferns?

    <p>The growth of a sporophyte from a gametophyte without fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of angiosperms?

    <p>They are flowering vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phloem in plants?

    <p>Conducting dissolved food substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plants have vascular tissues that include xylem and phloem?

    <p>Higher plants such as angiosperms and non-vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the vascular bundle in the roots of dicotyledons?

    <p>The xylem forms a star shape in the center and the phloem is found between the arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vascular tissues in plant functionality?

    <p>Enabling respiration and translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of plants can food and water be transported through other tissues such as parenchyma cells?

    <p>Non-vascular plants such as mosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of abscisic acid in plants?

    <p>Regulating dormancy of seeds and buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the response of a plant towards the gravitational field?

    <p>Gravitropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytokinins in plant growth?

    <p>Inhibiting plant aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plants bloom when there is more than a critical length of sunlight during the day?

    <p>Long-day plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique process of fertilization in angiosperms?

    <p>Fusion of a sperm cell with an egg and two polar nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ovary in a flower?

    <p>Protecting and nourishing developing seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of auxin-binding protein in plant growth?

    <p>It initiates the signal transduction pathway that controls the expression of a few genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of plant hormones that includes auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins?

    <p>Plant growth promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plants complete their life cycle in one growing season?

    <p>Annual plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of light during the day that affects plant growth?

    <p>Photoperiodicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the stigma in a flower?

    <p>To collect and rehydrate pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between monocot and dicot plants?

    <p>Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of environmental pollution?

    <p>A litter of water bottles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Clean Air Act of 1970?

    <p>To detect, decrease, and regulate air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of materials or forms of energy in the atmosphere that can pose a risk to living beings?

    <p>Air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Air Quality Index (AQI) established by the EPA?

    <p>To inform people about the current air quality in their area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the enhanced greenhouse effect?

    <p>A change in weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Greenhouse effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which light is converted into heat when it strikes the Earth's surface?

    <p>Conversion of light into heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall trend in the Earth's average temperature due to the increase in greenhouse gases?

    <p>A significant increase in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible causes of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Both natural and manmade causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the Earth's atmospheric temperature warming due to natural or manmade causes?

    <p>Global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enhanced greenhouse effect due to?

    <p>An increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the enhanced greenhouse effect on weather patterns?

    <p>A change in weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Structure and Function

    • Plants have complex features and structures, including vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport dissolved food substances, mineral salts, and water.
    • Not all plants have vascular tissues; they are primarily found in higher plants such as ferns, angiosperms, and gymnosperms.
    • Vascular tissues are essential for plant functionality, including respiration and translocation.

    Onions

    • Onions make us cry because they release enzymes that convert amino acid sulfoxides into a sulfenic acid, which reacts with water in our eyes to form sulfuric acid, an irritant.

    Asters

    • There are over 180 species of aster flowers.
    • Asters are perennial plants that come back every year.
    • They have lanceolate-shaped leaves that vary in size and color.
    • Asters are relatively easy to care for and can thrive in various environments.

    Citrus Greening

    • Citrus greening, also known as Huanglongbing, is a devastating disease that affects all citrus plants.
    • It is spread by tiny insects called psyllids and by grafting pieces of different plants together.
    • There is no cure for citrus greening, but researchers are working on developing HLB-resistant citrus plants.

    Plant Life Cycle

    • All plants have a life cycle that includes a change between two different forms, or stages: the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid).
    • The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis, which grow into gametophytes.
    • The gametophyte grows into a mature plant, which produces sporophytes.

    Mosses

    • Mosses are non-vascular plants that belong to Phylum Bryophyta.
    • They do not have flowers, roots, or seeds and are seedless.
    • Mosses have a haploid stage and a diploid stage, and they reproduce sexually.

    Ferns

    • Ferns are a group of seedless, vascular plants that reproduce through spores.
    • They undergo two distinct life cycles before becoming a mature fern.
    • Ferns have a haploid stage and a diploid stage, and they reproduce sexually.

    Angiosperms

    • Angiosperms are a group of flowering vascular plants that make up approximately 80% of plant species.
    • They have two distinct life stages: the haploid stage and the diploid stage.
    • Angiosperms can produce perfect (bisexual) flowers, imperfect (unisexual) flowers, or both.

    Tropism

    • Tropism is an involuntary response of an organism associated with growth rather than movement.
    • There are many forms of tropisms, including gravitropism, phototropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism, and chemotropism.
    • Auxin is a hormone that controls the expression of genes involved in tropism.

    Photoperiodicity

    • Photoperiodicity is the response of plants to the 24-hour light/dark cycle.
    • Plants sense light with photoreceptors and can be influenced by the length of daylight.
    • There are three types of plants: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants.

    Plant Life Cycles

    • The growing season is the time frame in which plants can grow.
    • There are three types of plant life cycles: annual, biennial, and perennial.
    • Annual plants complete their life cycle in one growing season.
    • Biennial plants produce leaves and roots in the first growing season and flower and seed in the second.
    • Perennial plants can live for multiple growing seasons.

    Plant Hormones

    • Plant hormones are chemicals that carry messages from one location in the body to another.
    • There are five main plant hormone groups: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
    • These hormones are categorized into two groups: plant growth promotion and plant growth inhibition.

    Ovary of a Flower

    • The ovary of a flower is the location where fertilization and seed development occur.
    • The ovary is composed of an ovary wall, locule, placenta, funiculus, and ovule.
    • There are five basic ovule placentations: parietal, free central, axile, basal, and marginal.

    Flowers

    • Flowers are composed of four whorls containing different parts: sepals, petals, stamen, stigma, style, and ovary.
    • The ovary of a flower is the location where fertilization and seed development occur.
    • Flowers are highly diverse and specialized, and they produce a seed-bearing fruit to continue the species.

    Stigma

    • The stigma is part of the female reproductive system of a flower.
    • It is found in the center of a flower and helps to collect pollen.
    • The stigma is waxy or sticky to collect the dry pollen.

    Monocots and Dicots

    • Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots).
    • Monocots are defined as plants that have one cotyledon or seed leaf after germination.
    • Dicots have two cotyledons or seed leaves.

    Environmental Pollution

    • Environmental pollution is anything released into the environment that can cause harm.

    • Examples of environmental pollution include air, land, and water pollution.

    • Types of pollution include physical, chemical, and biological pollution.### Biological Pollutants

    • Biological pollutants are substances that can cause human harm and are derived from the environment.

    • An example of a biological pollutant is pollen, which can cause allergies in humans.

    • Biological pollutants can adapt to their surroundings due to their biological origins.

    Air Pollution

    • Air pollution is the presence of materials or forms of energy in the atmosphere that can pose a risk, damage, or nuisance to living beings.
    • Air pollutants can come from natural or human sources, and can be single (point) or multiple (non-point) sources.
    • Air pollutants can be primary (causing direct damage) or secondary (formed from reactions with other atmospheric components).

    Clean Air Act and EPA

    • The US Congress established the Clean Air Act of 1970 to detect, decrease, and regulate air pollution.
    • The Clean Air Act created the EPA, which monitors and enforces air pollution regulations.
    • The EPA identifies and establishes limits for six hazardous air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), and lead.
    • The EPA also established the Air Quality Index (AQI) to inform the public about current air quality.

    Global Warming

    • Global warming refers to the earth's atmospheric temperature warming due to natural or manmade causes, resulting in changes to weather patterns.
    • The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere, which is enhanced by an increase in greenhouse gases.
    • Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, hold extra heat near the earth's surface.
    • The concentration of carbon dioxide is increasing, leading to a warming trend in the earth's average temperature.
    • The increase in greenhouse gases may have natural and/or manmade causes, including volcanoes, livestock, and fossil fuel combustion.

    Plant Structure and Function

    • Plants have complex features and structures, including vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport dissolved food substances, mineral salts, and water.
    • Not all plants have vascular tissues; they are primarily found in higher plants such as ferns, angiosperms, and gymnosperms.
    • Vascular tissues are essential for plant functionality, including respiration and translocation.

    Onions

    • Onions make us cry because they release enzymes that convert amino acid sulfoxides into a sulfenic acid, which reacts with water in our eyes to form sulfuric acid, an irritant.

    Asters

    • There are over 180 species of aster flowers.
    • Asters are perennial plants that come back every year.
    • They have lanceolate-shaped leaves that vary in size and color.
    • Asters are relatively easy to care for and can thrive in various environments.

    Citrus Greening

    • Citrus greening, also known as Huanglongbing, is a devastating disease that affects all citrus plants.
    • It is spread by tiny insects called psyllids and by grafting pieces of different plants together.
    • There is no cure for citrus greening, but researchers are working on developing HLB-resistant citrus plants.

    Plant Life Cycle

    • All plants have a life cycle that includes a change between two different forms, or stages: the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid).
    • The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis, which grow into gametophytes.
    • The gametophyte grows into a mature plant, which produces sporophytes.

    Mosses

    • Mosses are non-vascular plants that belong to Phylum Bryophyta.
    • They do not have flowers, roots, or seeds and are seedless.
    • Mosses have a haploid stage and a diploid stage, and they reproduce sexually.

    Ferns

    • Ferns are a group of seedless, vascular plants that reproduce through spores.
    • They undergo two distinct life cycles before becoming a mature fern.
    • Ferns have a haploid stage and a diploid stage, and they reproduce sexually.

    Angiosperms

    • Angiosperms are a group of flowering vascular plants that make up approximately 80% of plant species.
    • They have two distinct life stages: the haploid stage and the diploid stage.
    • Angiosperms can produce perfect (bisexual) flowers, imperfect (unisexual) flowers, or both.

    Tropism

    • Tropism is an involuntary response of an organism associated with growth rather than movement.
    • There are many forms of tropisms, including gravitropism, phototropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism, and chemotropism.
    • Auxin is a hormone that controls the expression of genes involved in tropism.

    Photoperiodicity

    • Photoperiodicity is the response of plants to the 24-hour light/dark cycle.
    • Plants sense light with photoreceptors and can be influenced by the length of daylight.
    • There are three types of plants: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants.

    Plant Life Cycles

    • The growing season is the time frame in which plants can grow.
    • There are three types of plant life cycles: annual, biennial, and perennial.
    • Annual plants complete their life cycle in one growing season.
    • Biennial plants produce leaves and roots in the first growing season and flower and seed in the second.
    • Perennial plants can live for multiple growing seasons.

    Plant Hormones

    • Plant hormones are chemicals that carry messages from one location in the body to another.
    • There are five main plant hormone groups: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
    • These hormones are categorized into two groups: plant growth promotion and plant growth inhibition.

    Ovary of a Flower

    • The ovary of a flower is the location where fertilization and seed development occur.
    • The ovary is composed of an ovary wall, locule, placenta, funiculus, and ovule.
    • There are five basic ovule placentations: parietal, free central, axile, basal, and marginal.

    Flowers

    • Flowers are composed of four whorls containing different parts: sepals, petals, stamen, stigma, style, and ovary.
    • The ovary of a flower is the location where fertilization and seed development occur.
    • Flowers are highly diverse and specialized, and they produce a seed-bearing fruit to continue the species.

    Stigma

    • The stigma is part of the female reproductive system of a flower.
    • It is found in the center of a flower and helps to collect pollen.
    • The stigma is waxy or sticky to collect the dry pollen.

    Monocots and Dicots

    • Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots).
    • Monocots are defined as plants that have one cotyledon or seed leaf after germination.
    • Dicots have two cotyledons or seed leaves.

    Environmental Pollution

    • Environmental pollution is anything released into the environment that can cause harm.

    • Examples of environmental pollution include air, land, and water pollution.

    • Types of pollution include physical, chemical, and biological pollution.### Biological Pollutants

    • Biological pollutants are substances that can cause human harm and are derived from the environment.

    • An example of a biological pollutant is pollen, which can cause allergies in humans.

    • Biological pollutants can adapt to their surroundings due to their biological origins.

    Air Pollution

    • Air pollution is the presence of materials or forms of energy in the atmosphere that can pose a risk, damage, or nuisance to living beings.
    • Air pollutants can come from natural or human sources, and can be single (point) or multiple (non-point) sources.
    • Air pollutants can be primary (causing direct damage) or secondary (formed from reactions with other atmospheric components).

    Clean Air Act and EPA

    • The US Congress established the Clean Air Act of 1970 to detect, decrease, and regulate air pollution.
    • The Clean Air Act created the EPA, which monitors and enforces air pollution regulations.
    • The EPA identifies and establishes limits for six hazardous air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), and lead.
    • The EPA also established the Air Quality Index (AQI) to inform the public about current air quality.

    Global Warming

    • Global warming refers to the earth's atmospheric temperature warming due to natural or manmade causes, resulting in changes to weather patterns.
    • The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere, which is enhanced by an increase in greenhouse gases.
    • Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, hold extra heat near the earth's surface.
    • The concentration of carbon dioxide is increasing, leading to a warming trend in the earth's average temperature.
    • The increase in greenhouse gases may have natural and/or manmade causes, including volcanoes, livestock, and fossil fuel combustion.

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    Learn about the complex features and structures of plants, specifically the primary vascular tissues xylem and phloem, and their role in transporting food substances, mineral salts, and water.

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