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Questions and Answers
What structure leads to the ovary in a flower?
What structure leads to the ovary in a flower?
A pollen grain does not need water to develop a pollen tube.
A pollen grain does not need water to develop a pollen tube.
False (B)
What is the role of the zygote in plant reproduction?
What is the role of the zygote in plant reproduction?
The zygote develops into the plant embryo.
Once fertilization occurs, the other sperm cell contributes to the development of the __________.
Once fertilization occurs, the other sperm cell contributes to the development of the __________.
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Match the type of flower with its characteristics:
Match the type of flower with its characteristics:
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What do pollen grains do during pollination?
What do pollen grains do during pollination?
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Dicot flowers always have four petals and four stamens.
Dicot flowers always have four petals and four stamens.
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What happens to several pollen tubes that grow simultaneously towards one ovule?
What happens to several pollen tubes that grow simultaneously towards one ovule?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary organ system of a plant?
Which of the following is NOT a primary organ system of a plant?
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Dicotyledons typically have long, thin leaves.
Dicotyledons typically have long, thin leaves.
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What is the main function of roots in a plant?
What is the main function of roots in a plant?
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Monocots have ______ root systems that consist of a mat of thin roots.
Monocots have ______ root systems that consist of a mat of thin roots.
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Match the term to its correct description:
Match the term to its correct description:
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Which of the following plant species are included in the dicotyledons?
Which of the following plant species are included in the dicotyledons?
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The shoot system of a plant includes stems and flowers.
The shoot system of a plant includes stems and flowers.
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How do specialized organs of plants enhance their survival?
How do specialized organs of plants enhance their survival?
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What primary function do collenchyma cells serve in the plant?
What primary function do collenchyma cells serve in the plant?
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Sclerenchyma cells are alive at maturity and continue to support the plant.
Sclerenchyma cells are alive at maturity and continue to support the plant.
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What type of cells are primarily involved in photosynthesis within leaves?
What type of cells are primarily involved in photosynthesis within leaves?
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Collenchyma cells are known for their __________ thickened cell walls.
Collenchyma cells are known for their __________ thickened cell walls.
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Match the types of plant cells with their descriptions:
Match the types of plant cells with their descriptions:
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What element contributes to the strength of sclerenchyma cell walls?
What element contributes to the strength of sclerenchyma cell walls?
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The waxy cuticle on leaves helps in increasing water loss.
The waxy cuticle on leaves helps in increasing water loss.
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What structure in the epidermis of leaves allows for gas exchange?
What structure in the epidermis of leaves allows for gas exchange?
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What does the outermost cylinder of a root develop into?
What does the outermost cylinder of a root develop into?
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The innermost cylinder of the root develops into the cortex.
The innermost cylinder of the root develops into the cortex.
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What process primarily causes new root cells to elongate?
What process primarily causes new root cells to elongate?
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The process of cell elongation in roots helps to push the root tip through the _____
The process of cell elongation in roots helps to push the root tip through the _____
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the root cap cells?
What is the primary function of the root cap cells?
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All cells produced by the apical meristem differentiate into vascular tissue.
All cells produced by the apical meristem differentiate into vascular tissue.
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What part of the plant contains the apical meristem?
What part of the plant contains the apical meristem?
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In which tissue of a tree trunk are tree rings formed?
In which tissue of a tree trunk are tree rings formed?
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Tree rings can only provide information about the width of the rings, not the age of the tree.
Tree rings can only provide information about the width of the rings, not the age of the tree.
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What contributes to the structural support of a woody plant?
What contributes to the structural support of a woody plant?
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What type of growth occurs just below the apical meristem in plants?
What type of growth occurs just below the apical meristem in plants?
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The ____________ cambium generates tissues that contribute to secondary growth in trees.
The ____________ cambium generates tissues that contribute to secondary growth in trees.
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Monocots undergo secondary growth.
Monocots undergo secondary growth.
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Match the plant structures with their functions:
Match the plant structures with their functions:
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What structures do axillary buds give rise to?
What structures do axillary buds give rise to?
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What is the main difference between primary and secondary xylem?
What is the main difference between primary and secondary xylem?
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Secondary growth occurs in woody plants such as ______ and trees.
Secondary growth occurs in woody plants such as ______ and trees.
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Which tissue system is NOT formed from the apical meristem?
Which tissue system is NOT formed from the apical meristem?
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The phloem is involved in the transportation of water and nutrients throughout the tree.
The phloem is involved in the transportation of water and nutrients throughout the tree.
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Match the following terms with their functions:
Match the following terms with their functions:
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Name the two types of tissue generated by the vascular cambium.
Name the two types of tissue generated by the vascular cambium.
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The shoot forms three concentric cylinders of developing tissue during growth.
The shoot forms three concentric cylinders of developing tissue during growth.
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What is the function of the root cap?
What is the function of the root cap?
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Study Notes
Specialized Plant Structures Support Plant Functions
- Plants and animals have very different life cycles.
- Plants are rooted in soil and use sunlight for food, unlike animals that move and consume other organisms.
- Plants interact with their environment more actively than often realized.
- Plants may cooperate with fungi for nutrients from soil.
- Plants adjust stem elongation and leaf position to optimize sunlight capture.
- Roots are modified to access water and minerals.
- Plant growth responds to internal and external factors (light, nutrients, temperature, gravity, and hormones).
Plant Defense Mechanisms
- Plants cannot flee from predators, instead, they defend themselves with physical barriers.
- Thorns, spines, and leaf hairs protect plants from herbivores.
- Plants utilize plant products as medicines for self-defense.
- Some plants defend themselves by utilizing alliances with other organisms (e.g., ants defending acacia trees).
Plant Organs
- Primary plant organs include roots, shoots, leaves, and flowers.
- These systems differ between monocots and dicots (dicots include broad-leaf plants like dandelions and maple trees, whereas monocots include grasses, orchids, and lilies).
- Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals, & provide structural support.
Root System
- Monocots have fibrous root systems.
- Dicots typically have taproot systems.
Shoot System
- Shoots consist of stems, leaves, and flowers, and grow from buds.
- Stems support leaves and flowers and transport materials (water and nutrients from roots to leaves, and food from leaves to other parts).
Leaves
- Leaves are the primary food-manufacturing sites of plants.
- Leaves capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
- The leaf blade is the main part, while the petiole connects the leaf to the stem.
- Veins in leaves transport water/nutrients/sugars.
Flowers
- Flowers are a specialized shoot, unique to angiosperms.
- Flowers typically have sepals (outermost ring protecting the bud), petals (often colourful, attracting pollinators), stamens (male reproductive parts –filament and anther), and pistils (female reproductive parts–ovary, style, stigma).
- Flowers allow for sexual reproduction.
Secondary growth
- Secondary growth increases the width of woody plants.
- Secondary growth in woody plants is due to vascular cambium and cork cambium.
- Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood) inward and secondary phloem outward.
- Cork cambium creates cork (bark) to protect the plant.
Plant Tissues
- Dermal tissue: outermost protective layer (epidermis).
- Vascular tissue: transports water and nutrients (xylem, phloem).
- Ground tissue: supports plant structure and performs photosynthesis.
Plant Cells
- Parenchyma cells: most abundant, perform photosynthesis, storage.
- Collenchyma cells: provide support in growing parts.
- Sclerenchyma cells: provide support in non-growing parts (lignified cell walls).
Seed Development and Dispersal
- After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed.
- Seeds have a protective seed coat.
- The endosperm is a food source, which is especially important in dicots that do not have cotyledons.
- Cotyledons function in storage and nutrient transfer to the embryo
- Fruits develop from the ovary, protecting and dispersing the seeds.
Seed Germination
- Germination occurs when conditions are favorable.
- Takes place when seeds absorb water.
- Triggering metabolic changes enabling growth.
Vegetative Reproduction
- Plants can reproduce asexually (vegetative reproduction).
- This includes producing clones (genetically identical copies).
- Examples include runners (e.g., strawberries), shoots from the base of the trunk (e.g., certain types of trees).
- Cuttings of leaves/stems can also produce new plants.
Plant Tissues
- Dermal tissue: outer layer
- Vascular tissue: transports fluids
- Ground tissue: fills spaces between dermal and vascular tissue
Plant Vascular Tissue
- Responsible for transporting fluids (water & nutrients).
- Xylem (transports water, minerals from root to shoot).
- Phloem (transports sugars, other organic compounds).
- Cohesion & adhesion contribute to xylem's upward transport.
- Pressure flow mechanism contributes to phloem's transport.
Plant Growth
- Primary growth: increases plant length (from apical meristems).
- Secondary growth: increases plant width (occurs in woody dicots from vascular and cork cambium).
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Description
Explore the various specialized structures of plants and how they support vital functions such as nutrient acquisition and defense mechanisms. This quiz will also cover the unique adaptations of plants in response to their environment and interactions with other organisms. Test your understanding of these crucial biological concepts!
