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Questions and Answers
During the resolution phase of the reproductive cycle, what happens?
During the resolution phase of the reproductive cycle, what happens?
- Female orgasm includes contraction of the uterus and outer vagina.
- Increased breathing and heart rate due to the autonomic nervous system.
- Completes the cycle, reversing earlier responses. (correct)
- Male orgasm involves emission and ejaculation.
Which process involves the formation of gametes through germ cells undergoing mitosis and meiosis?
Which process involves the formation of gametes through germ cells undergoing mitosis and meiosis?
- Osmoregulation
- Gametogenesis (correct)
- Fertilization
- Organogenesis
What is the classification of eggs with a large amount of yolk present, such as those found in reptiles and birds?
What is the classification of eggs with a large amount of yolk present, such as those found in reptiles and birds?
- Macro/Megalecithal (correct)
- Alecithal
- Microlecithal
- Mesolecithal
In which type of yolk classification do eggs have a small and scattered amount of yolk throughout the cytoplasm?
In which type of yolk classification do eggs have a small and scattered amount of yolk throughout the cytoplasm?
What is the process that involves the fusion of gametes leading to the formation of a zygote?
What is the process that involves the fusion of gametes leading to the formation of a zygote?
Which phase of the reproductive cycle involves rhythmic, involuntary contractions of reproductive structures?
Which phase of the reproductive cycle involves rhythmic, involuntary contractions of reproductive structures?
Which type of animal feeds by sucking fluids containing nutrients from a living host?
Which type of animal feeds by sucking fluids containing nutrients from a living host?
What type of animals eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws, or pincers to secure and tear food?
What type of animals eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws, or pincers to secure and tear food?
Which type of digestive system is composed of a single opening for both taking in food and disposing of wastes?
Which type of digestive system is composed of a single opening for both taking in food and disposing of wastes?
Which animals live in or on their food source and are known as substrate-feeders?
Which animals live in or on their food source and are known as substrate-feeders?
What is the term for animals that draw in water to strain small organisms and food particles from it?
What is the term for animals that draw in water to strain small organisms and food particles from it?
Which specialized organs in animals carry out the transport, processing, and absorption of digested nutrients?
Which specialized organs in animals carry out the transport, processing, and absorption of digested nutrients?
What is the mechanism that relies on the intake of water to initiate germination in plants?
What is the mechanism that relies on the intake of water to initiate germination in plants?
Which structure plays a role in controlling the absorption of water in plants?
Which structure plays a role in controlling the absorption of water in plants?
What is the main function of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?
What is the main function of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting fruit growth in plants?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting fruit growth in plants?
What is the main function of the Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?
Which structure regulates gas exchange between the surrounding air and photosynthetic cells in plants?
Which structure regulates gas exchange between the surrounding air and photosynthetic cells in plants?
In sexual reproduction, what is the term used for the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote?
In sexual reproduction, what is the term used for the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote?
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Study Notes
Plant Structure for Gas Exchange
- Leaves use water and mineral nutrients from the plants to perform photosynthesis
- Plants have a pipe system that allows transport through:
- Xylem: a continuous network of channels connecting roots to leaves through stem, transporting water and nutrients to the entire plant
- Phloem: tissues that transport sugars from leaves down to the rest of the plant
- Transpiration: release of water through leaves, generating a suction pull that pulls water to great heights in tall trees, cooling the plants
- Leaves: specific plant organ where gas exchange happens in plants
- Stomata: allow gas exchange between surrounding air and photosynthetic cells inside the leaf
- Mesophyll: lower and upper epidermal layer of leaves, consisting of two distinct areas
Regulation of Body Fluids and Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: mechanism that ensures an organism's body is at equilibrium, maintaining internal balance
- Osmoregulation: active regulation of osmotic pressure and maintaining water and electrolytes to perform biochemical reactions and preserve homeostasis
- Osmosis: movement of water
- Osmotic pressure: external pressure
- Types of osmoregulation:
- Open and close of stomata to maintain normal water balance
- Waxy layer/cuticle to control the absorption of water
- Specialized vacuoles to show more water (in xerophytes)
- Roots store salt, and leaves excrete salt to trap water (in halophytes)
- All structures absorb water (in hydrophytes)
Plant Hormones and Responses
- Plant hormones:
- Osmoconformers: use active or passive processes to maintain osmolarity of an environment
- Osmoregulators: control internal osmotic pressure to maintain a tightly-regulated range
- Plant responses to stimuli:
- Light: plants detect three light wavelengths (blue, red, far-red) through chromoprotein
- Protozoa: contractile vacuoles to transport ammonia
- Higher plants:
- Phototropism (growth towards light)
- Stem elongation
- Germination (seed sprouting)
- Photoperiodism (flowering in response to length of day)
Fertilization and Gametes
- Gametes: reproductive cells of an organism
- Fertilization: combination of male and female gametes
- Types of gametes:
- Male gamete: sperm cell
- Female gamete: egg cell
- Sexual reproduction:
- Formation of new individuals by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote (fertilized egg)
Animal Physiology and Morphology
- Animal reproduction:
- Definition: formation of new animal organisms by means of asexual or sexual reproduction
- Ways: sexual and asexual reproduction
- Reproductive systems:
- Male reproductive system:
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral glands
- Prostaglandins (causes thinning of the mucus at the opening of the uterus and stimulates contractions of uterine muscles)
- Female reproductive system:
- Ovary (gonads) - produces egg and sex hormones
- Fallopian tube (oviduct) - transports the egg to the uterus
- Uterus - thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy
- Endometrium - richly supplied with blood vessels, inner lining of the uterus
- Cervix - neck of the uterus
- Vagina - thin-walled chamber that serves as the repository for sperm during copulation and as the birth canal
- Male reproductive system:
Animal Development
- Gametogenesis:
- Formation of gametes
- Classifications: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- Process: germ cells -> mitosis and meiosis -> gametes
- Fertilization and zygote formation:
- Fertilization - fusion of gametes leading to a zygote
- Zygote - fertilized egg that has the potential to give rise to all diverse cell types of the complete individual
- Cytoplasm of vertebral zygotes contains yolk as food of the developing embryo
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