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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?
Which type of leaves is exclusively found in lycophytes?
Which type of leaves is exclusively found in lycophytes?
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms in seed development?
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms in seed development?
Which component strengthens the cell walls of water-conducting cells in vascular plants?
Which component strengthens the cell walls of water-conducting cells in vascular plants?
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What is the main role of roots in vascular plants?
What is the main role of roots in vascular plants?
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What is the main function of guard cells in plants?
What is the main function of guard cells in plants?
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Which type of cambium is responsible for the production of secondary xylem and phloem?
Which type of cambium is responsible for the production of secondary xylem and phloem?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating seed germination?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating seed germination?
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What role do explants play in plant tissue culture?
What role do explants play in plant tissue culture?
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Which of the following hormones is responsible for leaf development and fruit ripening?
Which of the following hormones is responsible for leaf development and fruit ripening?
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What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?
What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?
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Which components are found in vascular tissue?
Which components are found in vascular tissue?
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What growth type is primarily facilitated by apical meristems?
What growth type is primarily facilitated by apical meristems?
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What structure covers the tip of a root?
What structure covers the tip of a root?
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What is the function of stomata in leaves?
What is the function of stomata in leaves?
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Which type of plant cell provides support in parts that are still growing?
Which type of plant cell provides support in parts that are still growing?
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What occurs as a result of apical dominance?
What occurs as a result of apical dominance?
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Which tissue system provides the outer covering of a plant?
Which tissue system provides the outer covering of a plant?
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Study Notes
Plant Structure and Function
- Vascular Tissue: Cells joined into tubes transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
- Vascular Plants: Possess a complex vascular tissue system.
- Seedless Vascular Plants: Include lycophytes (e.g., club mosses) and monilophytes (e.g., ferns).
- Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes): Small, herbaceous (nonwoody) plants like liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
- Xylem: Tube-shaped cells transporting water and minerals upward from roots.
- Lignin: Polymer strengthening cell walls of water-conducting cells, enabling taller growth.
- Phloem: Transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.
- Roots: Absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchoring vascular plants.
- Microphylls: Small, spine-shaped leaves in lycophytes, supported by a single vascular strand.
- Megaphylls: Leaves with a highly branched vascular system.
- Leaves: Primary photosynthetic organs of vascular plants.
Plant Reproduction
- Seed: Contains an embryo, food supply, and protective coat.
- Gymnosperms: Seeds not protected inside ovaries.
- Angiosperms: Seeds develop and are protected inside ovaries.
Plant Morphology
- Stamen: Produces pollen grains (male gametophytes).
- Anther: Produces pollen.
- Filament: Supports the anther.
- Carpel: Makes ovules, containing female gametophytes.
- Stigma: Collects pollen.
- Style: Contains pollen tube.
- Ovary: Contains ovules.
- Roots (Taproot vs. Fibrous): Dicots have a main root (taproot), monocots have many thin roots (fibrous).
- Adventitious Roots: Roots growing from above-ground parts.
- Root Hairs: Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
- Stems (Nodes and Internodes): Nodes are where leaves attach; internodes are in between.
- Apical Bud: Located at shoot tip, most growth occurs here.
- Axillary Buds: Can form vegetative branches.
- Leaves (Blade, Petiole): Blades are the flat surface; petiole joins leaf to node.
- Tissue Systems (Dermal, Ground, Vascular): Dermal is outer protection; ground is storage and support; vascular conducts materials.
Plant Growth and Development
- Apical Meristems: Enable primary growth (lengthening) in plants.
- Secondary Growth: Increased thickness due to lateral meristems.
- Vascular Cambium: Adds layers of secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.
- Cork Cambium: Replaces epidermis with periderm.
- Root Cap: Covers the root tip, protecting it during growth.
Asexual Plant Propagation
- Plant Tissue Culture (PTC): Growing identical clones.
- Meristematic Tissue: Used in PTC; responsible for growth.
- Explants: Plant pieces used to initiate PTC.
- Hormones (Auxin, Cytokinin, Ethylene, ABA, Gibberellin, Phytochrome): Regulate growth, development, and flowering.
Internal Structure of Leaves and Roots
- Stomata: Pores on leaves for gas exchange (CO2 and O2).
- Guard Cells: Control the opening/closing of stomata.
- Mesophyll: Ground tissue of leaves, site of photosynthesis.
- Secondary Vascular Cambium: Adds layers to stems and roots.
- Cork Cambium: Produces waxy layer for protection.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various structures and functions of vascular and nonvascular plants. This quiz covers topics like vascular tissue, roots, and different types of leaves. Perfect for students studying plant biology or botany.
