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Plant Structure and Function: Non-vascular vs Vascular Plants
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Plant Structure and Function: Non-vascular vs Vascular Plants

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of non-vascular plants?

  • Have vascular tissue
  • Lack roots, stems, and leaves (correct)
  • Reproduce through seeds
  • Water is absorbed through roots

    • Which of the following terms describes the group that includes conifers and flowering plants?

  • Gymnosperms (correct)
  • Bryophytes
  • Hornwort
  • Liverwort

    • What is the main mode of water absorption in non-vascular plants?

  • By direct absorption into the leaves
  • Via osmosis from cell to cell (correct)
  • Through roots
  • From water under the soil

    • Which type of plants rely on water for reproduction and do not have flowers?

    <p>Ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of plants do seeds remain exposed or 'naked' rather than enclosed in an ovule?

    <p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of plants have special cells for transport of water and nutrients running continuously through roots, stems, and leaves?

    <p>Angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epidermis in plants?

    <p>Covers and protects the young parts of the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the dermal tissue system in woody plants?

    <p>Guard cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

    <p>Conveying water and dissolved minerals upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between tracheids and vessel elements in xylem?

    <p>Tracheids are long, thin, and tapered, vessel elements are wider and shorter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle on the epidermis of non-woody plants?

    <p>Prevents water loss from the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type allows for lateral migration of water between neighboring cells in xylem?

    <p>Tracheids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the perforation plates in the end walls of vessel elements?

    <p>To enable water to flow freely through the vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tracheids and vessel elements hardened to prevent collapse?

    <p>By lignin deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the upward movement of water in plants?

    <p>Transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of sieve-tube elements in the phloem system?

    <p>Facilitating fluid flow between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ground tissue is specialized for support?

    <p>Collenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of companion cells in the phloem system?

    <p>Serving both sieve-tube elements and themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pollination is most common in pine cones?

    <p>Wind pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant has a taproot system?

    <p>Eudicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex known as?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant has xylem and phloem arranged in a ring in the stem?

    <p>Monocots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryonic structure at the junction of a stem and petiole called?

    <p>Axillary bud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which system do leaves rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system?

    <p>Shoot system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the venation pattern of most monocot leaves from eudicot leaves?

    <p>&quot;Parallel&quot; venation vs. &quot;Branching&quot; venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cytosol' is continuously connected between cells through what structure?

    <p>&quot;Plasmodesmata&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pith' is present in the cross-section of stems of which type of plant?

    <p>&quot;Eudicots&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forces polar molecules to take the symplastic route in roots?

    <p>Casparian strip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells in a plant?

    <p>Providing rigid support due to thick secondary cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are apical meristems mainly located in plants?

    <p>At the tips of roots and shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of collenchyma cells in plants?

    <p>Helping support young parts of the plant shoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cork cambium in plants?

    <p>Replacing the epidermis with periderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant has flowers with petals in multiples of 3?

    <p>Monocot plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sclereids from fibers in sclerenchyma cells?

    <p>Sclereids have thick lignified secondary walls while fibers have thin primary walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary growth process primarily controlled by apical meristems called?

    <p>Primary growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between eudicot and monocot seeds?

    <p>Eudicots contain multiple cotyledons while monocots contain one cotyledon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of vascular cambium in secondary growth?

    <p>Producing secondary xylem and secondary phloem layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important feature of lenticels present in the periderm?

    <p>They regulate gas exchange between woody plants and the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the substance that makes up the rubbery matrix in cartilage?

    <p>Chondroitin sulphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for secreting collagen and chondroitin sulphate in the cartilage matrix?

    <p>Chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is cartilage NOT found in humans?

    <p>Skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives cartilage its strong yet somewhat flexible support material characteristics?

    <p>Composite of collagenous fibers and chondroitin sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce the chondrocytes and extracellular matrix of cartilage?

    <p>Chondroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do multicellular organisms with a sac body plan have body walls that are only two cell layers thick?

    <p>To facilitate diffusion of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do small cells maintain a high surface area to volume ratio?

    <p>By dividing to restore a viable surface area-to-volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having highly folded internal surfaces in complex animals?

    <p>To increase the surface area for exchanging materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does cell division play a crucial role in maintaining efficient material exchange in larger organisms?

    <p>To restore a viable surface area-to-volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the rate of material exchange in and out of a cell?

    <p>$K \times A \times \text{(C2 - C1)}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are internal exchange surfaces of complex animals highly folded?

    <p>To allow for efficient exchange of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do organisms commonly use negative feedback loops to control body homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain a steady state of variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process does positive feedback typically contribute to in animals?

    <p>Escalating a trend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback loops in regulating body temperature?

    <p>To maintain a steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of homeostasis, what is the purpose of a negative feedback loop?

    <p>To maintain a particular variable within a narrow range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do positive feedback loops differ from negative feedback loops in terms of their effect on trends?

    <p>Positive feedback escalates trends, negative feedback reverses trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does positive feedback not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals?

    <p>Because it escalates a trend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do skeletal muscles atrophy in a sedentary person but not smooth muscles?

    <p>Skeletal muscles are involved in voluntary motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a negative feedback loop differ from a positive feedback loop in terms of maintaining body homeostasis?

    <p>A negative feedback loop continues the stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is diabetes a good example of a failure of a set point in humans?

    <p>Diabetes causes blood glucose levels to remain elevated after a meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood glucose levels in diabetes due to the lack of insulin production?

    <p>They stay elevated after a meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the different treatment of skeletal and smooth muscles in sedentary individuals?

    <p>The role of skeletal muscles in voluntary motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for blood glucose levels to return to normal after a meal?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary body activities?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cell fragments in blood called?

    <p>Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue helps maintain a 'steady state' regardless of external changes?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glial cells in nervous tissue?

    <p>Maintain, nourish, and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are intercalated discs mainly found in the body?

    <p>Found in the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells carry electrical signals away from the neuronal cell body?

    <p>Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the matrix of blood called?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells exceeding a certain size struggle to get adequate nutrients and expel waste.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells can adhere tightly to each other in a liquid medium to compensate for inadequate nutrient exchange.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organelles are the functional grouping of tissues within an organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and fuel.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interstitial fluid is the body fluid found in blood vessels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissue consists of loosely packed cells that cover the outside of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen in bones, which then combines with calcium and phosphate ions to form hydroxyapatite.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoclasts release an acid to dissolve collagen and mineral coating in bones to lower calcium levels in blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules are the smallest particles in a chemical compound that lack the chemical properties of that compound.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The microscopic structure of hard mammalian bones consists of repeating units called lamellae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous connective tissue is found in ligaments, which attach muscles to bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage is a weak and inflexible support material in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondroblasts are responsible for secreting collagen and chondroitin sulphate in the cartilage matrix.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage is not found in the nose, ears, or intervertebral discs of humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondrocytes are embedded in the matrix and maintain it by secreting elastin and glycosaminoglycan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The composite of collagenous fibers and keratin makes cartilage a strong but rigid support material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondroblasts produce chondrocytes but not the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle mainly lines external organs such as the digestive tract and urinary tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscle helps in pushing venous blood in one direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nervous tissue contains only neurons and no glial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most neurons have dendrites that carry signals away from the cell body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback loops maintain internal balance despite changes in the external environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback loops are common in regulating body temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homeostasis refers to a state of internal balance regardless of external variations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood glucose levels must remain abnormal after a meal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback loops are commonly used by organisms to maintain a steady state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback loops are commonly used by organisms to maintain homeostasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscles in a sedentary person are more likely to atrophy compared to skeletal muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback loops help control variables like body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels in humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback during childbirth brings the process closer to maintaining a steady state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback loops contribute to homeostasis by reversing trends in variable levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscles in humans are not affected by a sedentary lifestyle because they do not undergo atrophy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fick's law, the diffusion rate is directly correlated to the ____________ area.

    <p>surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondroblasts produce the ______ and extracellular matrix of the cartilage.

    <p>chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondrocytes are embedded in the matrix, maintaining it by secreting collagen and ______ sulphate.

    <p>chondroitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion is effective over a very short ____________.

    <p>distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammalian small intestine main function is to absorb nutrients from digested food, nutrients diffuse from the lumen of the intestine to the ____________ stream.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The composite of collagenous fibres and ______ sulphate makes cartilage a strong yet somewhat flexible support material.

    <p>chondroitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage has an abundance of collagenous fibres embedded in a rubbery matrix made of a substance called ______ sulphate.

    <p>chondroitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why increasing small intestine surface area is important for mammals? Make predictions about the absorption of nutrients in the absence of ____________.

    <p>microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, Cartilage is found in the nose, ears, intervertebral discs, articulations, and part of the ______ cage.

    <p>rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diffusion limit the size of an organism? How is this ____________?

    <p>counteracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fick's law, the increase in the surface area leads to a higher diffusion rate, allowing for higher absorption of ____________.

    <p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shape of epithelial cells may be ______ (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (like floor tiles)

    <p>cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connective tissue mainly binds and supports other tissues. It contains cells that are loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike or solid ______

    <p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vertebrates, there are five major types of connective tissue: 1. Loose connective tissue - Adipose tissue 2. Fibrous connective tissue 3. Bone 4. Cartilage 5. ______

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells in pseudo-stratified epithelia become so crowded that the nuclei become displaced and form several rows in the epithelium, making it appear to be ______

    <p>stratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue that stores fat for ______ and fuel

    <p>insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle mainly lines many of the hollow internal structures of the human systems and bronchioles of the ______ system

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood tissue is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood ______

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary body ______

    <p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle mainly lines internal organs and is responsible for involuntary body ______

    <p>activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle is responsible for heart contraction to help pump blood throughout the body under ______ control

    <p>involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits electrical signals throughout the ______

    <p>animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most neurons have two distinct types of projections from the cell body: short, branching dendrites, and long ______

    <p>axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback loops maintain internal balance regardless of changes in the ______ environment

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudostratified epithelium consists of a single layer of cells but looks like multiple layers due to its ______ arrangement

    <p>crowded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nervous tissue contains neurons that transmit nerve impulses and ______ cells that help nourish neurons

    <p>glial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cell fragments called ______

    <p>thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms commonly use ______ feedback loops to homeostatically regulate some variables.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback loops occur in animals, but do not usually contribute to homeostasis. Instead, positive feedback escalates a ______!

    <p>trend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During childbirth, the pressure of the baby’s head against sensors near the opening of the uterus stimulates uterine contractions. These cause greater pressure against the uterine opening, heightening the contractions, which cause still greater pressure. Positive feedback brings childbirth different sort process from maintaining a steady ______.

    <p>state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a person leads a sedentary life his skeletal muscles ______, but his smooth muscles do not. Why?

    <p>atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a condition such as diabetes a good example of the failure of a set point in humans? Diabetes shows the failure of the body to maintain normal blood ______ levels.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ______ feedback loops used to control body homeostasis?

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

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