Plant Science Fundamentals

Study Notes

Plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, which occurs in chloroplasts, using chlorophyll to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose and oxygen.
Ensure plants receive adequate sunlight for optimal growth, with shade-tolerant plants needing less direct sunlight and sun-loving plants needing more exposure.
Plants undergo respiration, breaking down glucose with oxygen to produce energy, CO2, and H2O.
Balanced watering and proper spacing ensure good air circulation around plants, facilitating efficient respiration.
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, helping in nutrient uptake and cooling the plant.
Maintain appropriate humidity and temperature levels to optimize transpiration rates.

Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, water, and air, with the balance of these components affecting soil fertility and structure.
Regular soil testing determines soil composition and the need for amendments to optimize plant growth.
Soil pH affects nutrient availability to plants, with most crops preferring a pH range of 6 to 7.5.
Adjust soil pH using lime to raise pH or sulfur to lower pH, based on soil test results.
Soil texture affects water retention and drainage, while soil structure affects root growth and water movement.
Improve soil structure with organic matter to enhance water retention and root penetration.

Macronutrients (N, P, and K) are essential nutrients required in large amounts, often supplied through fertilizers.
Use balanced fertilizers and adjust based on specific crop needs and soil test results.
Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B, and Cl) are essential nutrients required in smaller amounts.
Ensure a balanced fertilization plan that includes both macro and micronutrients, as deficiencies can affect plant health and yield.

Germination requires the right conditions of moisture, temperature, and oxygen.
Ensure proper seedbed preparation and optimal planting conditions to enhance germination rates.
Vegetative growth requires adequate light, water, and nutrients.
Monitor and manage water and nutrient supply to support strong vegetative growth.
Reproductive growth requires specific nutrients and environmental conditions.
Pay attention to the specific needs of crops during this phase, such as increased phosphorus for flowering and fruiting.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods to manage pests and diseases in an environmentally and economically sustainable way.