Plant Reproductive Growth

Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of pollen and egg cells to form a zygote.

A dicot flower has sepals, petals, stamens (with anthers and filaments), and a pistil (with stigma, style, and ovary).

Plants with separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

A flower with both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive parts.

A flower lacking either male or female reproductive parts.

A flower with all four whorls (sepals, petals, stamens, pistil).

A flower lacking one or more whorls (sepals, petals, stamens, pistil).

A spikelet is an inflorescence unit consisting of a stalk (rachilla) with a small bract (glume) and floret.

A flowering system in a plant, consisting of one or more flower units and parts of the stem.

Plant growth stops after flowering starts.

Plant growth continues after flowering starts producing flowers and fruit until external factors like death stop it.

The female reproductive part of a flower, made up of stigma, style, and ovary.

The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

The opening of a plant structure to release its contents.

The process of an anther releasing pollen.

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

A plant where male and female flowers are found on separate individuals.

A plant with a mix of perfect and imperfect flowers.

A basic unit of inflorescence in grasses, consisting of two glumes and one or more florets.

A pair of bracts that enclose the spikelet in grasses.

Two bracts that enclose the flower within a spikelet.

The stalk that bears the florets in a spikelet.

The lemma and palea that remain around the ripened grain in some cereal crops.

A dry, single-seeded fruit where the seed coat (testa) is fused to the ovary wall (pericarp).

Pollination carried by wind, common in grasses and cereals like corn and wheat.

Flowers attached directly to a central stalk (rachis), forming a long, unbranched structure.

Flowers on a central stalk (rachis), but attached by small stems (pedicels) in an unbranched arrangement.

Branching inflorescence with flowers attached to stalks (pedicels) on both primary and secondary branches.

Flowers radiating from a single point, like spokes on a wheel.

Many small flowers clustered together on a flat surface (receptacle).

Plants adapted for wind pollination often have flowers clustered at the top, produce abundant pollen, and lack bright petals or strong scents.

The outermost protective layer of a flower bud, often green and leaf-like.

The collective name for all the sepals of a flower.

A colorful (usually) part of a flower that attracts pollinators.

The collective term for all the petals of a flower.

The collective term for all the stamens (male reproductive parts) in a flower.

The "female" reproductive part of a flower, containing the stigma, style and ovary.

The collective term for all the carpels/pistils (female reproductive parts) in a flower.

The base of a flower where all floral parts are attached.

An imperfect flower that only has stamens (male reproductive part).

An imperfect flower that only has a pistil (female reproductive part).

An inflorescence where numerous small flowers are tightly clustered together to form a single, large flower-like structure. Often found in the Asteraceae family, such as sunflowers and asters.

Structural changes in dicot flowers that enable them to be pollinated by insects, with features like bright colors, sweet scents, nectar glands, and specific flower shapes.

The process after pollination and fertilization, where the fertilized ovule develops into a seed and the surrounding ovary develops into a fruit. This fruit can be a pod, berry, fleshy fruit, or another type.

A fruit composed of two carpels, common in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), which splits lengthwise when ripe to release seeds.

A group of crops belonging to the Fabaceae (pea) family, important for human nutrition and as a source of protein.

The process of a dicot fruit opening along specific lines or sutures to release its seeds.

Roots that develop from the radicle (seedling's first root) and secondary adventitious roots arising from stem nodes.

Roots that develop from the radicle (seedling's first root) and branch extensively.

Roots are responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil for the plant's growth.

Roots provide stability and support for holding the plant upright in the soil.

Roots can store food or water for the plant, especially in some crops.

Tiny epidermal extensions on roots that increase surface area for absorbing water and nutrients.

The area of active cell division at the tip of roots and shoots, responsible for plant growth in length.

Plant growth focused on increasing biomass, including roots, stems, and leaves, before flowering or fruiting.

The main, downward-growing root of a dicot plant. It is formed from the radicle of the seed and serves as the primary root.

Smaller roots that branch off from the taproot in dicot plants. They help in absorbing water and nutrients.

The point on a stem where a leaf or branch attaches.

The part of a stem between two nodes.

A bud located in the leaf axil, the angle formed where the leaf joins the stem.

A plant growth pattern where the plant has a fixed number of nodes and leaves, then flowers and stops growing.

A plant growth pattern where the plant continues to produce new nodes and leaves even after flowering.

The overall pattern of growth in a plant, determined by stem characteristics.

Stems grow straight up and are strong enough to support themselves.

Stems spread out along the ground and are too weak to stand upright.

Stems wrap around objects for support because they are too weak to stand on their own.

The stem of a cereal plant. It is usually cylindrical and hollow, except at the solid nodes.

When a cereal plant produces side shoots from its stem nodes.

Secondary roots that emerge from stems, helping the plant absorb more water and nutrients.

Tillering increases the number of flowering stems, which leads to higher grain production.

The internodes (sections between leaves) are short and haven't elongated yet.

The number of tillers (shoots) a plant produces depends on its genes and the environment (space, nutrients, and water).

Dicot stems grow by elongating their internodes. Branching, similar to tillering in monocots, increases productivity.

Leaves capture light for photosynthesis and draw water and nutrients from the roots through transpiration.

The branching pattern of veins in dicot leaves, forming a network.

A leaf shape that resembles a heart, with a notch at the base of the leaf blade.

A leaf shape that resembles an equilateral triangle, with a flat base.

A long and narrow leaf with parallel sides.

A leaf that is much longer than wide, with the widest point below the middle.

An egg-shaped leaf with the point of attachment (petiole) at the broader end.

A leaf margin that is smooth, without any teeth, notches, or divisions.

A leaf margin that is cut less than halfway to the base or midrib.

A leaf margin with saw-like teeth pointing towards the leaf apex.

A leaf with multiple leaflets, each attached to a central stalk called the rachis.

A leaf with a single blade undivided into smaller leaflets.

Look for an axillary bud. True leaves have them, leaflets don't.

Veins in a leaf arranged like a feather, with one main vein and smaller veins branching off.

Veins in a leaf spreading outwards from a central point, like fingers from the palm.

Leaflets directly attached to the rachis without a petiole.

Leaflets attached to the rachis with a small stalk called a petiolule.