Plant reproduction

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Questions and Answers

Explain how cross-pollination contributes to genetic diversity in flowering plants, and why this is beneficial for the species.

Cross-pollination introduces new genetic information, leading to variation. This can help the species adapt to different conditions or resist diseases.

Compare and contrast internal and external fertilization, giving an example of an animal that uses each method and an advantage of each method.

Internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body (e.g., mammals), increasing the chance of successful fertilization. External fertilization occurs outside the body (e.g., fish), allowing for the simultaneous fertilization of many eggs.

Describe the role of the placenta and umbilical cord during fetal development, and explain why they are essential for a healthy pregnancy.

The placenta provides oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste from the fetus. The umbilical cord transports blood between the fetus and placenta, and if either fails, the fetus may not develop properly.

Explain the sequence of events from ovulation to implantation, assuming fertilization occurs. What are the key structures and processes involved?

<p>A mature egg is released from the ovary, travels through the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs by sperm, forming a zygote. The zygote divides and becomes an embryo, which implants in the uterine lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what happens during menstruation and why it occurs.

<p>During menstruation, the uterine lining breaks down and is expelled from the body along with the unfertilized egg. This occurs because the lining is no longer needed to support a pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy?

<p>It surrounds the embryo and then the fetus providing a safe enviornment, and protection from physical shock and temperature fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how fertilization results in the formation of identical twins.

<p>A fertilized egg divides into two, and the new cells get separated, where they both develop into an embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the stigma in a flower?

<p>The stigma collects pollen during pollination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the filament contribute to the process of pollination?

<p>The filament supports the anther, positioning it to effectively release pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

<p>Self-pollination occurs when pollen from a flower pollinates the same flower or another flower on the same plant, while cross-pollination involves pollen transfer between different plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the human female reproductive system, what is the primary role of the oviduct (fallopian tube)?

<p>The oviduct transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus and is the site where fertilization typically occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cervix during pregnancy?

<p>The cervix keeps the fetus in place during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the roles of the testes and the sperm duct in the male reproductive system.

<p>The testes produce sperm, and the sperm duct carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the zygote in human reproduction.

<p>The zygote is the first cell of a new individual, formed by the fusion of sperm and egg, containing a full set of chromosomes necessary for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implantation, and why is it crucial for a successful pregnancy?

<p>Implantation is the process where the embryo embeds itself in the uterine lining. It is crucial because it establishes a connection for nutrient and waste exchange between the mother and embryo to support further development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe negative feedback mechanisms that control hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.

<p>Increased levels of estrogen can inhibit the further release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone can inhibit the release of luteinizing hormone (LH). These actions help regulate the timing and progression of the cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the origins and genetic similarities of identical versus non-identical twins.

<p>Identical twins originate from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, resulting in identical DNA. Non-identical twins result from two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm, sharing only the genetic similarity of siblings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant species relies solely on self-pollination, what challenges might it face in terms of survival and adaptation?

<p>Reduced genetic variation can limit the plant's ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions or resist diseases, potentially leading to decline or extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the location of fertilization (oviduct vs. uterus) is important for the initial stages of embryonic development.

<p>Fertilization in the oviduct allows the zygote to begin cell division while being transported towards the uterus. This environment supports early development before implantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy?

<p>Rising estrogen levels thicken the uterine lining, preparing it to receive a fertilized egg. After ovulation, progesterone helps maintain the lining to support implantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pistil/Carpel

The female part of a flowering plant, including the stigma, style, and ovary.

Stigma

The part of the pistil that collects pollen.

Style

The part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary.

Ovary

The part of the pistil containing the ovules.

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Stamen

The male part of a flowering plant, including the anther and filament.

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Anther

The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

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Filament

A small stalk that holds up the anther.

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Pollination

When pollen from the anther reaches the stigma.

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Self-Pollination

When pollen from a flower pollinates the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

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Cross-Pollination

When pollen is carried to another flower by insects or wind.

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Internal Fertilization

Fertilization occurring inside the female animal's body.

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External Fertilization

Fertilization occurring outside the body, like in fish.

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Ovaries

Where eggs are formed and released.

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Oviduct/Fallopian Tube

Where the egg travels to reach the uterus and is typically fertilized.

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Uterus

Where the fetus is held during pregnancy.

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Penis

Delivers semen to the female's body during intercourse.

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Placenta

Organ attached to the uterus lining that provides the fetus with nutrients and oxygen.

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Umbilical Cord

Cord that carries blood between the fetus and the placenta.

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Non-identical Twins

When two eggs are released and both get fertilized.

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Identical Twins

When a fertilized egg divides into two separate cells.

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Study Notes

  • The pistil/carpel is the female part of a flowering plant.
  • The stamen is the male part of the flowering plant.

Pistil/Carpel Parts:

  • Stigma: Collects pollen.
  • Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary.
  • Ovary: Contains the ovules.

Stamen Parts:

  • Anther: Produces pollen.
  • Filament: A stalk that holds up the anther.

Pollination

  • The process where pollen from the anther reaches the stigma.
  • Self-pollination is when a flower is pollinated by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
  • Cross-pollination occues when pollen is transferred to another flower by insects or wind.

Fertilization

  • Internal fertilization occurs inside the body.
  • External fertilization occurs outside the body.
  • In fish, the female lays eggs, and the male fertilizes them by releasing sperm onto the eggs.

Female Reproductive System Parts

  • Ovaries: Where eggs are formed and released.
  • Oviduct (Fallopian tube): Where the egg travels to the uterus, and is typically where the egg gets fertilized.
  • Uterus: Where the fetus is held.
  • Uterine lining: Lining around the uterus.
  • Cervix: Keeps the fetus in place.
  • Vagina: A passage for the penis to enter the female's body, and is also where blood leaves the body during mensturation.

Male Reproductive System Parts

  • Testicles: Where sperm is produced.
  • Penis: Delivers semen to the body of a female during sexual intercourse.
  • Glands: Add fluids to the sperm.
  • Sperm duct: Carries sperm from the testes.
  • Scrotum: Protects the testes.
  • Urethra: Carries sperm out of the body.

Sexual Intercourse

  • The penis is inserted into the vagina.
  • Sperm travels through the uterus to the fallopian tubes.
  • If sperm meets an egg, fertilization occurs, resulting in a zygote.
  • The zygote divides and forms a ball of cells called the embryo.
  • The embryo sinks into the uterine lining, in a process called implantation.
  • The implanted embryo grows into a fetus.

Menstruation

  • Once a month, a mature egg is released from an ovary.
  • If the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining breaks down and is shed along with the egg through the vagina.
  • The uterus then builds a fresh lining for the next potential pregnancy.
  • This cycle usually takes about 28 days, but can vary.

Fetal Development

  • After implantation, the embryo is surrounded by amniotic fluid for protection.
  • A placenta grows, which is an organ that provides the fetus with oxygen, water, and food and removes waste.
  • The umbilical cord carries blood between the fetus and the placenta.

Twins

  • Non-identical twins result from the fertilization of two eggs.
  • Identical twins result from a fertilized egg dividing into two separate cells and are always the same gender.

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