Plant Pathology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan organism?

  • Red rust of mango
  • Root knot on vegetables
  • Hart rot of coconut (correct)
  • Downy mildew of grape

Which of the following is NOT classified under flowering plant parasites?

  • Orobanche on tomato
  • Mollicutes causing corn stunt (correct)
  • Dodder on niger
  • Striga on sugarcane

What characteristic is NOT true of Mycoplasma?

  • They are filterable through bacterial filters
  • They have a rigid cell wall (correct)
  • They are unicellular
  • They can form typical 'fried-egg' shaped colonies

Which type of disease affects the absorption and accumulation of water and minerals?

<p>Root rot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of diseases caused by Mycoplasma?

<p>They are thermolabile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases affects the growth (meristematic) activity of plants?

<p>Gall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is categorized as a complete root parasite?

<p>Orobanche on tobacco (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease primarily affects the physiological process of photosynthesis?

<p>Grapevine leafroll (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental condition is most conducive to the development of the Peronosporaceae family pathogens?

<p>High relative humidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rot is primarily caused by the action of pectinolytic enzymes on plant tissues?

<p>Soft rot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is responsible for crown gall formation in plants?

<p>Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characterized by localized enlargement of plant parts due to changes in growth regulator concentration?

<p>Galls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is directly associated with the sudden death of plant organs, causing them to turn brown or black?

<p>Blight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of powdery mildew in mango during winter season?

<p>Observation on young leaves and inflorescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes leaf curl symptoms from other plant diseases?

<p>Thickening of veins and small leaf projections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions results in spot formation on plant leaves?

<p>Localized death of cells within a limited area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Theophrastus' explanation for the cause of plant diseases?

<p>Nutritional deficiencies and bad air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient Indian text is considered the oldest regarding agriculture and plant diseases?

<p>Krishi Parashar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the Father of Mycology?

<p>Micheli, P.A. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did CuSO4 have according to the research mentioned?

<p>It serves as a chemical treatment for controlled diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of the Roman festival Rubigalia?

<p>To please God Rubigus for better crop yield (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant discovery about plant diseases did Benedict Prevost make?

<p>Microorganisms are responsible for diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific effect did Tillet observe regarding wheat seeds with black powder?

<p>They produced more diseased plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the contribution of Anton van Leeuwenhoek to the study of plant pathology?

<p>He developed the first microscope and described bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Martinus Wilhem Beijerinck use to describe the causal agent of tobacco mosaic?

<p>Contagium vivum fluidum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the findings of W.M. Stanley?

<p>He identified a crystalline protein from TMV and confirmed that it could replicate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic distinguishes viroids from conventional viruses?

<p>Viroids consist of a small, naked single-stranded circular molecule of RNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is recognized as the Father of Plant Nematology?

<p>N.A. Cobb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant finding by H.O. Holmes in 1929 concerning viruses?

<p>He measured the infectivity of viruses through tissue lesions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)?

<p>Potato spindle tuber disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with prions?

<p>Mad Cow disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Needham contribute to the study of plant diseases?

<p>He was the first to report the association of a nematode with plant disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What arrangement is characteristic of Sarcina bacteria?

<p>Packets of eight cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the main component of bacterial flagella?

<p>Flagellin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of flagellation do Pseudomonas species exhibit?

<p>Amphitrichous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a peritrichous arrangement of flagella?

<p>Flagella surround the entire cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component protects the bacterial cell and defines its shape?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of arrangement do bacilli exhibit in a palisade formation?

<p>Four bacilli stacked vertically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial group is characterized by the absence of flagella?

<p>Atrichous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complex polymer that forms the bacterial cell wall?

<p>Peptidoglycan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding reported by Atkinson regarding the relationship between fungus and nematodes?

<p>Fusarium wilt of cotton was more severe in the presence of nematodes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan disease did Woronin study, and what was its causative agent?

<p>Club root of cabbage caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical control method was first recommended by Prevost for wheat diseases?

<p>Copper sulfate for seed treatment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the findings from the studies conducted by Carter in 1943?

<p>Discovery of the nematicidal properties of DD (Dichloropropene dichloropropane). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for sleeping sickness in humans, particularly in Africa?

<p>Trypanosoma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was introduced as the first systemic fungicide effective against higher fungi?

<p>Plantvax (Oxy Carboxin). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Lafonte make to the understanding of protozoan diseases?

<p>Identified causal agents in laticiferous plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the issues related to Koch's postulates in protozoan studies?

<p>Koch's postulates were not proved due to the obligate nature of protozoans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rot

A disease caused by fungi and bacteria where tissues die, decompose, and turn brown.

Soft Rot

A type of rot caused by bacteria dissolving the middle lamellae of plant cell walls, leading to tissue breakdown.

Soft Rot & Dry Rot

A type of rot affecting fruits, roots, bulbs, tubers, and fleshy leaves, characterized by maceration and disintegration.

Spot

A localized area of dead tissue on a plant, often appearing as brown or yellow spots.

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Blight

Sudden death of plant leaves, blossoms, or twigs, often turning brown or black.

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Leaf Curl

A condition causing thickening of veins on the lower surface of a leaf, leading to small leaf-like projections, often seen in cotton.

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Galls

Localized, abnormal enlargements on plant parts, often caused by changes in growth hormone concentrations.

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Crown Gall

A type of gall caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, resulting in uncontrolled growth of plant tissue.

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Fungal-like organisms

A group of organisms including downy mildew of grape and late blight of potato. These organisms are not true fungi but resemble them.

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Protozoa

Tiny, single-celled organisms that can cause diseases like hart rot of coconut, phloem necrosis of coffee, and club root of cabbage.

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Algae

A group of organisms that can cause diseases like red rust of mango. These organisms are not true fungi but they resemble them.

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Theophrastus's writings

The first known written account of plant diseases, including rust and mildew, mentioning bad air and nutrition as causes.

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Metazoan Animals (Nematodes)

These are animals, mainly nematodes, that can cause diseases like root-knot on vegetables, molya disease of wheat, and ear cockle of wheat.

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Flowering Plant Parasites

These are flowering plants that live on other plants and obtain nourishment from them. They can be classified based on the part of the host plant they attack.

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Ancient Indian Texts

A collection of ancient Indian texts that mention plant diseases and their enemies, predating Theophrastus's work.

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Krishi Parashar

The oldest Indian agricultural text, likely written before the Artha shastra, mentioning plant diseases.

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McNew's Classification of Plant Diseases

A classification of plant disease based on the physiological process they affect. Examples include diseases affecting storage of food, hydrolysis, absorption of water and minerals, growth, and conduction of water.

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Vrikshayurveda

The first book entirely dedicated to plant diseases, written in ancient India, outlining knowledge of plant medicine.

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Mycoplasmas (MLO)

A group of tiny, bacteria-like organisms that can cause diseases like corn stunt, sugarcane grassy shoot, and yellows. They lack a rigid cell wall and are pleomorphic.

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Physiological Process Classification of Plant Diseases

A classification of plant disease based on the affected physiological processes. Examples include diseases affecting storage of food, hydrolysis, absorption of water and minerals, growth, and conduction of water.

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Rubigalia Festival

A Roman festival held to appease the god Rubigus and Rubigo in order to prevent stem rust in wheat.

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Microscope

The invention that enabled Anton van Leeuwenhoek to observe and describe bacteria in 1675.

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Pier Antonio Micheli

The Italian botanist who studied fungi and their spores, establishing the genus Puccinia, considered the "Father of Mycology."

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Tillet's experiment

The French botanist who proved the contagious nature of bunt (stinking smut) in wheat, demonstrating that infected seeds spread the disease.

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Staphylococcus arrangement

Arrangement of daughter cells in clusters, resembling grapes.

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Sarcina arrangement

Daughter cells form a cube-like packet of eight cells.

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Tetrad arrangement

A packet of four cells arranged in a specific pattern.

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What are flagella?

The whip-like structure responsible for bacterial movement.

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Atrichous bacteria

Bacteria lacking flagella, unable to move.

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Monotrichous bacteria

Bacteria with a single flagellum at one end.

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Lophotrichous bacteria

Bacteria with a tuft of flagella at one or both ends.

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What is a bacterial cell wall?

A rigid protective layer surrounding the bacterial cell, providing shape.

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Association between Fungi & Nematodes

The increase in severity of Fusarium wilt disease in cotton plants when root-knot nematodes are present.

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Nematodes Facilitating Bacterial Wilt

The phenomenon where bacterial wilt in tomatoes is intensified by the presence of root-knot nematodes.

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Nematodes as Virus Vectors

Nematodes, microscopic worms, can transmit viruses to plants, highlighting their role as vectors for plant disease.

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Plasmodiophora brassicae

A naked mass of protoplasm, lacking a cell wall, responsible for causing club root disease in cabbage.

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Flagellates in Latex Plants

Flagellates, a type of protozoa, were initially thought to be the cause of disease in latex-bearing plants like Euphorbia.

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Flagellates in Coffee Trees

Flagellate protozoans found in the phloem of coffee trees, causing abnormal phloem formation and wilting.

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Prevost's CuSO₄ Treatment

Cupric sulfate (CuSO₄) treatment of seeds was recommended to protect wheat from bunt disease.

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Robertson's Sulfur Treatment

The use of sulfur to control powdery mildew disease in peach trees.

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What is "contagium vivum fluidum"?

A contagious living fluid, discovered by Martinus Beijerinck, that can pass through porcelain filters and diffuse through agar gel, responsible for tobacco mosaic disease.

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What is the crystalline protein obtained from TMV?

A crystalline protein isolated from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by Wendell Stanley, proving that viruses are essentially protein structures capable of multiplying within living cells.

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What are viroids?

A small, naked, infectious RNA molecule causing potato spindle tuber disease, discovered by T.O. Diener. These are the smallest known infectious agents in plants.

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What are prions?

Protein molecules, approximately 55,000 daltons in size, encoded by host chromosomal genes. They are known to cause diseases like mad cow disease and scrapie in animals.

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What is Nematology?

The study of nematodes, microscopic worms that can be parasitic to plants, causing various diseases.

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Who is N.A. Cobb?

He is considered the 'Father of Plant Nematology' and made significant contributions to the field by studying the structure of plant-parasitic nematodes, classifying them, and developing techniques for their extraction.

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What is Anguina tritici?

The first reported association of a nematode with a plant disease, in 1743, involved this nematode, which was described by Needham in England.

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What is Meloidogyne sp.?

This nematode, reported by Berkeley in 1855, is known to cause root knot disease in plants.

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Study Notes

Plant Pathology Extended Syllabus

  • Introduction to plant pathology, scope, and objectives
  • Significance and economic importance of plant diseases (e.g., late blight of potato, coffee rust)
  • Historical overview of plant pathology, including significant contributors.
  • Definitions and concepts of plant pathology (pathogenesis, disease triangle, tetrahedron)
  • Classification of plant diseases based on etiology, affected parts, distribution, crops, inoculum source, and symptoms
  • General symptoms of various plant diseases
  • Important plant pathogenic organisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes)
  • Detailed characteristics of fungi, including somatic structures, types of fungal thalli, fungal tissues, and reproduction (asexual and sexual).
  • Detailed characters and important examples of fungal groups like Peronosporales, Erysiphales, Uredinales, and Ustilaginales.
  • Detailed morphological characters and reproduction, classification of bacteria along with symptoms produced
  • Features of plant viruses, replication, symptoms, and classifications
  • General morphology, characteristics, symptoms, and classification of plant parasitic nematodes, viruses, algae, and Protozoa
  • Diseases caused by abiotic factors (black heart of potato, Khaira of rice)
  • Liberation/ dispersal and survival of plant pathogens
  • Pathogenesis: Role of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators
  • Plant defense mechanisms (structural, biochemical)
  • Epidemiology: Factors affecting disease development in plants.
  • Key reference books (e.g., Agrios, Principles of Plant Pathology)

Practical Experiments

  • Microscopy procedures, collection & disease specimens
  • Study of symptoms and diagnosis of plant diseases, fungi and bacteria identification
  • Preparation and techniques for plant culture media, sterilization, and disinfecting
  • Methods of inoculation and proof of Koch's postulates
  • Morphology and staining techniques for bacteria
  • Morphology and methods of transmission for viruses/nematodes
  • Extraction techniques for nematodes, phanerogamic parasites, fungicides; and their formulations
  • Calculation of spray concentration; insecticide evaluation
  • Methods for pesticide use and their safe practices

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