Plant Organs and Structures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • Humidity (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the palisade mesophyll in a leaf?

  • Carrying out photosynthesis (correct)
  • Waterproofing the leaf surface
  • Transporting water and nutrients throughout the leaf
  • Controlling the opening and closing of stomata

    • How does increasing air movement affect transpiration rate?

  • It has no effect on transpiration rate.
  • It increases transpiration rate by removing water vapor from the leaf surface. (correct)
  • It increases transpiration rate by providing more CO2 for photosynthesis.
  • It decreases transpiration rate by reducing water vapor concentration near the leaf surface.

    • What is the function of the guard cells in a leaf?

    <p>They control the opening and closing of stomata. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gibberellins in plants?

    <p>Causing seed germination, promoting flowering and increasing fruit size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the movement of water through the xylem?

    <p>Unidirectional, driven by transpiration pull. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the waxy cuticle on the upper surface of a leaf help to reduce water loss?

    <p>It provides a barrier for water evaporation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis?

    <p>As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until it reaches a plateau. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

    <p>Predator populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of decomposers in the carbon cycle?

    <p>Releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does eutrophication impact aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>Leads to a decrease in biodiversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a primary consumer in a food chain?

    <p>Rabbit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process by which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into a usable form for plants?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a sustainable fishing practice?

    <p>Using fishing methods that target specific species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the loss of biodiversity impact ecosystems?

    <p>Makes ecosystems more vulnerable to disease and invasive species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a challenge to global food security?

    <p>Technological advancements in agriculture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pyramid of biomass show?

    <p>The relative amount of living matter at each trophic level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sustainable practice for waste management?

    <p>Recycling and composting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for thermoregulation?

    <p>Hormone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands produces hormones that directly affect the production of other hormones?

    <p>Pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining water balance?

    <p>Regulating the amount of water reabsorbed into the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct effect of the hormone ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)?

    <p>Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Pancreas does not produce enough insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones like FSH and LH, involved in the menstrual cycle, are primarily produced by which of these?

    <p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contraceptive methods directly prevents the release of an egg?

    <p>Progesterone injections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Supply blood to the heart muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct sequence of the journey of a red blood cell through the circulatory system, starting from the right atrium?

    <p>Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

    <p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT involved in respiration?

    <p>Digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Lactic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a metabolic process?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland in the regulation of thyroxin levels?

    <p>The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary, which then stimulates the thyroid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auxins, a type of plant hormone, primarily control:

    <p>Shoot and root growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Leaves

    Photosynthesis occurs in leaves, producing food and allowing transpiration.

    Roots

    Roots absorb water and mineral ions from the soil.

    Xylem

    Xylem are tubes that transport water upwards in a plant.

    Phloem

    Phloem transports sugars and nutrients up and down the plant.

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    Factors affecting transpiration

    Temperature, humidity, and air movement influence transpiration rate.

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    Photosynthesis equation

    Photosynthesis is CO2 + water → glucose + oxygen using light energy.

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    Limiting factors of photosynthesis

    Temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration can limit photosynthesis rates.

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    Gibberellins

    Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote seed germination and flowering.

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    Ecosystems

    Living organisms and their environment interacting together.

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    Abiotic factors

    Non-living elements of an ecosystem like temperature and light.

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    Biotic factors

    Living components in an ecosystem like plants and animals.

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    Food Chains

    Diagrams showing energy flow from producers to consumers.

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    Producers

    Organisms that create their own food, usually through photosynthesis.

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    Trophic Levels

    Different levels in a food chain based on the organisms' roles.

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    Carbon Cycle

    The process through which carbon travels from the atmosphere to organisms and back.

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    Nitrogen Fixation

    Conversion of nitrogen gas into usable nitrates by bacteria.

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    Eutrophication

    Nutrient overload in water bodies leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.

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    Biodiversity

    Variety of life in an ecosystem, crucial for stability.

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    Auxins

    Plant hormones that control shoot and root growth, causing bending towards light and downward growth.

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    Homeostasis

    The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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    Thermoregulation

    Body's control of internal temperature via nervous and hormonal signals.

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    Vasodilation

    Widening of blood vessels, increasing heat loss from the body.

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    Diabetes Type 1

    A condition where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin.

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    Insulin

    Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels, secreted by the pancreas.

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    Ovaries

    Glands in females that produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

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    Coronary Heart Disease

    Build-up of fatty deposits in coronary arteries, obstructing blood flow.

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    Alveoli

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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    Aerobic Respiration

    Respiration requiring oxygen, producing more energy than anaerobic respiration.

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    Platelets

    Small blood components that help clot wounds and stop bleeding.

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    Negative feedback in hormone regulation

    Process where high hormone levels inhibit their further production.

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    Kidney Function

    Filtering blood, absorbing useful substances, and regulating water balance.

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    Fermentation

    Anaerobic respiration in yeast/plant cells producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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    Metabolism

    All chemical reactions occurring in a cell or organism, including energy production.

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    Study Notes

    Plant Organs and Structures

    • Leaves: Photosynthesis produces food, water evaporates through transpiration.
    • Roots: Absorb water and mineral ions.
    • Stem: Site of cell production.
    • Xylem: Transports water upwards (unidirectional) via transpiration.
    • Phloem: Transports sugars/food/sap, bi-directional, through translocation.

    Factors Affecting Transpiration Rate

    • Temperature: Higher temperature increases transpiration rate.
    • Humidity: Lower humidity increases transpiration rate.
    • Air Movement: Higher air movement increases transpiration rate.

    Leaf Structure and Function

    • Waxy Cuticle: Waterproof layer on the upper leaf surface, preventing water loss.
    • Upper Epidermis: Transparent layer, allowing light to reach palisade mesophyll.
    • Palisade Mesophyll: Layer with chloroplasts, main site of photosynthesis.
    • Spongy Mesophyll: Contains air gaps, increasing surface area for gas exchange.
    • Vascular Bundle: Contains xylem and phloem.
    • Lower Epidermis: Contains stomata, regulated by guard cells, for gas exchange.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts, using chlorophyll.
    • Chemical Equation: CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
    • Endothermic reaction, requiring light energy.
    • Glucose used for respiration, stored as starch/fat, or used to form cellulose (cell walls) and amino acids (proteins).

    Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis

    • Temperature: Rate increases with temperature until enzymes denature.
    • Light Intensity: Rate increases with light until it plateaus.
    • Carbon Dioxide concentration: Rate increases with CO2 until it plateaus.

    Investigating Photosynthesis

    • Method: Submerge pondweed in an inverted cylinder, measure oxygen production over time.
    • Independent variable: Light intensity (varied by changing distance from light source).
    • Inverse square relationship: Doubling distance reduces light intensity by a quarter.

    Plant Hormones

    • Gibberellins: Promote seed germination, flowering, and fruit growth.
    • Auxins: Control shoot and root growth, gather on shaded side of stem causing elongation and bending towards light (phototropism), inhibit growth on the bottom of root causing downward growth (geotropism).

    Homeostasis

    • Maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes.
    • Crucial for chemical reactions and enzyme function.
    • Examples: Blood glucose, temperature, water levels.

    Thermoregulation

    • Body controls internal temperature through nervous and hormonal signals.
    • Mechanisms:
      • Vasodilation: Widening blood vessels, increasing heat loss.
      • Vasoconstriction: Narrowing blood vessels, reducing heat loss.
      • Sweating: Evaporation cools the body.
      • Shivering: Muscle contractions generate heat.

    The Endocrine System

    • Glands produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream that target specific cells.
    • Glands:
      • Pituitary: Master gland, controlling other glands.
      • Pancreas: Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose.
      • Thyroid: Controls growth, heart rate, and digestion.
      • Adrenal: Produce adrenaline.
      • Ovaries/Testes: Release eggs/sperm.

    Diabetes

    • Type 1: Pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin.
    • Type 2: Cells don't absorb glucose effectively.

    Water and Nitrogen Balance (Triple Only)

    • Maintaining stable internal conditions regarding water and nitrogen.
    • Water Loss: Exhaling, sweating, urinating.
    • Water Excess: Kidneys remove excess water and urea (from excess protein).
    • Kidney Function: Filtering blood, absorbing useful substances, regulating water balance.

    Hormones (Triple Only)

    • Insulin: Lowers blood glucose, secreted by pancreas.
    • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose, secreted by pancreas.
    • ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone): Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water, secreted by pituitary.
    • Adrenaline: Increases heart/breathing rate in stress, secreted by adrenal.
    • Thyroxin: Regulates metabolic rate.

    Regulation of Thyroxin Levels (Triple Only)

    • Hypothalamus: Releases TRH.
    • Pituitary gland: Releases TSH.
    • Thyroid gland: Releases more thyroxin.
    • Negative feedback: High thyroxin inhibits TRH and TSH production.

    Dialysis (Triple Only)

    • Artificial process for cleaning blood when kidneys fail.

    Reproduction

    • Menstruation: Female cycle after puberty.
    • Hormones:
      • FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone): Egg maturation, estrogen production in ovary.
      • Estrogen: Thickens uterus lining, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH.
      • LH (Luteinizing hormone): Egg release.
      • Progesterone: Maintains uterus lining.

    Contraception

    • Methods: Birth control pills (inhibit FSH), progesterone injections (prevent egg release), implants (long-term progesterone), barriers (condoms, diaphragms), IUDs (prevent implantation), vasectomy (sperm duct cut), tubal ligation (oviducts clamped).

    Infertility

    • Difficulty conceiving.
    • Treatments: Hormone injections, IVF.

    The Circulatory System

    • Double circulatory system: Blood passes through heart twice per cycle.
    • Heart: Pumps blood throughout body.
    • Deoxygenated blood: Enters right side, goes to lungs, becomes oxygenated, returns to left side.
    • Oxygenated blood: Pumps out to body from left ventricle.
    • Arteries: Carry blood away from heart (except pulmonary artery).
    • Veins: Carry blood towards heart (except pulmonary vein).
    • Capillaries: Thin walls, efficient substance diffusion between blood and cells.
    • Coronary arteries: Supply blood to heart muscle.

    Heart Disease

    • CHD (Coronary Heart Disease): Fatty deposits block coronary arteries, potentially causing heart attacks.
    • Treatments: Stents, statins, artificial valves.

    Blood

    • Plasma: Liquid part, carrying dissolved substances.
    • Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen.
    • White Blood Cells: Fight infection.
    • Platelets: Help with clotting.

    The Respiratory System

    • Breathing (Ventilation): Air movement in/out of lungs.
    • Gas Exchange: Oxygen to blood, carbon dioxide from blood.
    • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs, increasing gas exchange surface area.
    • Hemoglobin: Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

    Respiration

    • Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, more energy released.
    • Chemical Equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
    • Anaerobic Respiration: No oxygen, less energy, lactic acid produced.
    • Fermentation: Anaerobic respiration in yeast/plants, ethanol and carbon dioxide produced.

    Metabolism

    • All chemical reactions in a cell/organism.
    • Examples: Respiration, glucose conversion, protein/lipid/nucleic acid synthesis, urea production.

    Ecosystems and Interdependence

    • Ecosystems: Living organisms and their environment.
    • Competition: Organisms compete for resources.
    • Interdependence: Organisms rely on each other for survival.

    Abiotic and Biotic Factors

    • Abiotic factors: Non-living aspects (temperature, light, moisture, pH).
    • Biotic factors: Living aspects (food, predators, prey, pathogens, breeding).

    Population Estimation

    • Quadrats/transects to sample and estimate population sizes/distribution.

    Food Chains and Trophic Levels

    • Food Chains: Energy/biomass flow between organisms.
    • Producers: Make their own food (plants, algae).
    • Primary Consumers: Eat producers (herbivores).
    • Secondary Consumers: Eat primary consumers (carnivores/omnivores).
    • Tertiary Consumers: Eat secondary consumers (apex predators).

    Carbon Cycle

    • All life is carbon-based.
    • Cycle: Photosynthesis (CO2 uptake), respiration (CO2 release), decomposition (CO2 release), burning fossil fuels (CO2 release)

    Nitrogen Cycle

    • Cycle: Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decomposition, plant uptake.

    Water Pollution

    • Eutrophication: Excessive nutrients (nitrates) lead to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and organism death.

    Biodiversity

    • Variety of life in an ecosystem.
    • High biodiversity leads to ecosystem stability.
    • Human development reduces biodiversity.

    Waste Management

    • Sustainable disposal of sewage, fertilizers, toxic chemicals, and atmospheric pollution.

    Sustainable Practices

    • Land use: Reduce demand for land (building, farming, waste disposal).
    • Fishing: Sustainable fishing practices.

    Food Security

    • Ensuring everyone has enough safe/nutritious food.
    • Challenges: Growing population, changing diets, transport costs, conflict, climate change.

    Pyramid of Biomass

    • Shows biomass at each trophic level in a food chain.
    • Biomass is lost at each level due to respiration, excretion, and indigestible matter.
    • Energy flow is inefficient.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various plant organs and structures essential for their growth and survival. This quiz covers the functions of leaves, roots, stems, xylem, phloem, and factors affecting transpiration rate. Dive into the details of leaf structure and its role in photosynthesis and water regulation.

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