Plant Nutrition and Vitamins Quiz

Basics of Plant Science

• Botany is the scientific study of plant life.
• Branches of botany include:
  • Phycology (study of algae)
  • Mycology (study of fungi)
  • Bryology (study of bryophytes)
  • Morphology (study of form and structure)
  • Palaeontology (study of fossils)
  • Histology (study of tissues)
  • Anatomy (study of internal structures)
  • Genetics (study of heredity)
  • Physiology (study of functions)
  • Economic Botany (study of plant use)
  • Plant Embryology (study of embryos)
  • Ecology (study of relationships between organisms and their environment)
  • Ethnobotany (study of plants' use in different cultures)
  • Phytogeography (study of geographic distribution of plants)
  • Plant Biotechnology (study of using biology to create new plants)
  • Plant Breeding (study of plant improvement)

The Plant Kingdom

• The plant kingdom includes all plants.
• Plants are eukaryotes, multicellular, and autotrophic (make their own food).
• Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall and contain chloroplasts.
• Plants carry out photosynthesis.
• Plants are classified into cryptogams and phanerogams.
  • Cryptogams: Non-flowering and non-seed bearing plants. Include:
    • Thallophyta (algae and fungi)
    • Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts)
    • Pteridophyta (ferns and horsetails).
  • Phanerogams: Flowering and seed-bearing plants. Include:
    • Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants)
    • Angiosperms (flowering plants).

Types of Plants

• Herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, and creepers are some types of plants.
• Tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests & scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests are types of plant vegetation.

The concept of plant life

• The concept of plant life includes the plant, plant science (Botany), and vegetation.
• Types of plants include herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, and creepers.

Plant Life Cycle

• Annual: Plant life cycle is one year
• Biennial: Plant life cycle is two years
• Perennial: Plant life cycle is more than two years.

The importance of plants

• Plants provide food, medicine, materials, and maintain the air quality.
• They help in stopping erosion.
• They provide a habitat for birds and insects

Problems and Disadvantages of Plants

• Problems and disadvantages of plants include the following:
• Reducing moisture in the soil
• Few weeds may cause diseases
• Can harm the animals
• Add to maintenance cost of a farmer
• Land value gets reduced
• Production of the main crop reduces.

Carnivorous Plants

• Carnivorous plants are plants that eat meat

Plant Morphology

• Plant morphology (phytomorphology) is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants.
• Plants have a root system and a shoot system.

Parts of a Plant

• Root system: The underground part of the plant.
• Shoot system: The above-ground part of the plant, including stem, buds, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

Root System

• The root is the underground part of a plant.
• Functions of root system include:
  • Storage
  • Anchorage
  • Absorption of water and minerals
  • Translocation of water and minerals

Shoot system

• Shoot system is the above-ground parts. It includes the stem, buds, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
• The stem functions as support that supports other components. It transports water and minerals to the leaves and helps in photosynthesis.

Seeds

• Seeds are a way of reproduction for flowering plants.
• Seeds are formed from the beginning and end of the life cycle of higher plants.
• Seeds consist of a miniature undeveloping plant with food reserves, which are all enclosed within a protective seed coat.

Seed Structure and Dispersal

• Seed coat: protects the seed.
• Endosperm: Stores food reserve of the seed
• Embryo: Develops into a new plant
• Epicotyl: upper part of the embryo( above cotyledon)
• Hypocotyl: lower part of the embryo (below cotyledon)
• Radicle: becomes root
• Cotyledon: becomes leaves
• The seed dispersal methods include wind, animals, and water dispersal.

Types of Seeds

• Monocot seeds (Corn) have one cotyledon.
• Dicot seeds (Bean) have two cotyledons.

Seed Function

• Seeds help in the germination of the new plant.
• Seeds contain food reserves in the form of cotyledons and endosperm.
  • The seed coat protects the embryo inside.

Seed Germination

• Seed germination involves the following:
  • Imbibition
  • Emergence
  • Elongation

Plant Anatomy

• Plant anatomy is the study of the tissue and cell structure of plant organs, usually observed under light or electron microscope.

Plant Organization

• Cells are fundamental building blocks
• Cells organize into tissues
• Tissues organize into organs
• Plant organs differ based on internal structure

Plant Cell Structure

• Cell Wall: Rigid layer made of polysaccharides.
• Protoplast: The living components inside the cell wall.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like matrix within the cell wall.
• Nucleus: Contains genetic information (DNA).
• Plastids: Organelles for photosynthesis and storage. Includes chloroplasts (green pigment), chromoplasts (pigmented), and amyloplasts (starch).
• Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP).
• Endoplasmic reticulum: Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
• Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
• Golgi bodies / Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
• Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients.
• Non-protoplasmic components: Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and other molecules.

Plant Cell Types

• Meristematic cells are responsible for growth.
• Permanent cells have completed their growth and are classified as:
  • Simple cells: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma.
  • Compound cells: Xylem and Phloem.

Xylem and Phloem

• Xylem (water) and phloem (food) are complex plant tissues.

Dermal Tissues (Epidermis)

• Epidermis: The protective outer layer of the plant
• Cork: Replacement for epidermis in woody plants

Ground Tissue System

• Ground tissue is found between dermal and vascular tissue
• functions to store carbohydrates, manufacture nutrients, and support plants.

Vascular Tissue

• Vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem
  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals.
  • Phloem: Transports sugars and other products of photosynthesis.

Cell Division

• Amitosis: Simple division without spindle formation
• Mitosis: Process to create identical copies of themselves
• Meiosis: Special division for gametes(sex cells)

Plant Pathalogy

• Plant Pathology (also recognized as Phytopathology) is the science focused on the study of plant diseases, identification of the pathogens, the process of disease, and how plant health and disease are influenced by factors such as weather, non-pathogenic microorganisms, and plant nutrition. The basic methodology includes but is not limited to:
  • Causative agents
  • Disease mechanisms
  • Disease interactions
  • Management practices

What Causes Plant Diseases?

• Plant diseases often arise from specific pathogens, along with a suitable environment.

The Disease Triangle

• Three essential elements coexist before plant disease occurrence: Host, pathogen, and environment.

Plant Tissue Culture

• Plant tissue culture (PTC) refers to the technique used to grow plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds, or other parts in a sterile environment on a nutrient medium.
  • Sterilization Techniques: are used to rid materials of microbes.
  • Types of Culture: include those based on types of explants:
  • Embryo culture, seed culture, meristem culture, protoplast culture, cell culture, callus culture, pollen culture, and organ culture.

==Factors Affecting Tissue Culture Efficiency==

• Plant species,
• Genotyping of plants,
• Source of cultured tissues,
• Age and health of the donor plant,
• Nutrient medium, and other factors influence efficiency.

Economic Botany

• The interaction of people with plants for different uses like food, feed, medicine, and other usages.

Test your knowledge on plant-derived vitamins, minerals, and secondary metabolites with this engaging quiz. Explore characteristics, roles, and the impact of synthetic supplements on nutrition. Perfect for students studying plant biology or nutrition.