Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of brightly coloured petals in flowers?
Aestivation refers to the arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.
True
Describe the type of aestivation in which the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction.
Imbricate
In pea and bean flowers, the type of aestivation is known as _______________________ or papilionaceous.
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What is the term for the united petals in a flower?
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Match the following types of aestivation with their descriptions:
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The corolla is the outermost whorl of the flower.
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What is the term for the shape of the corolla that is characteristic of flowers like china rose and lady’s finger?
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Which part of the flower is responsible for sexual reproduction?
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A flower with both stamens and carpels is called unisexual.
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What are the two main types of symmetry in flowers?
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Flowers can be classified based on their reproductive parts as _____ or _____ flowers.
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Match the following flower types with their symmetry:
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Which flower has both calyx and corolla that are not distinct?
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An asymmetric flower can be divided into two equal radial halves.
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What term refers to the swollen end of the stalk where whorls of a flower are arranged?
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A flower that can be divided into two equal halves in any radial plane is termed _____ flower.
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of the flower?
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A monocotyledonous seed contains only one cotyledon.
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What are the two main types of leaves based on the arrangement of leaflets?
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The ovary becomes the ______ after fertilization.
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Match the following floral terms with their correct definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of flowers that can aid in classification?
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Fruits are developed from the ovules after fertilization.
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What is phyllotaxy?
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Study Notes
Plant Structures and Functions
- Roots in certain plants are modified for food storage, mechanical support, and respiration.
- The shoot system consists of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, facilitating growth and reproduction.
- Stems can be identified by nodes, internodes, multicellular hairs, and their phototropic response.
- Leaves are outgrowths of stems, developing externally at nodes, and are primarily green to enable photosynthesis.
- Leaf morphology varies significantly in shape, size, margin, apex, and incision depth of the lamina.
- Flowers are modified shoots that play a crucial role in sexual reproduction with diverse structures and arrangements.
Floral Structure and Classification
- Flowers are organized into inflorescences and exhibit a wide range of characteristics, including symmetry and attribute arrangements (petals, sepals, ovules).
- After fertilization, the ovary develops into fruits, and ovules form seeds.
- Seeds are categorized as either monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous, varying in shape, size, and viability duration.
- Floral characteristics are vital for classifying and identifying flowering plants, presented using scientific terminology and illustrated through floral diagrams and formulas.
Flower Anatomy
- A typical flower comprises four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, arranged on the thalamus (receptacle) of the stalk (pedicel).
- Calyx and corolla serve as accessory organs, while androecium and gynoecium are the main reproductive structures.
- Perianth refers to flowers where calyx and corolla are not distinctly separated.
Flower Symmetry and Types
- Flowers may be bisexual (both androecium and gynoecium present) or unisexual (only one type).
- Symmetry classification:
- Actinomorphic (radial symmetry): Can be divided into equal halves in multiple planes (e.g., mustard).
- Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry): Divided equally in one vertical plane (e.g., pea).
- Asymmetric: Cannot be divided into equal halves (e.g., canna).
Petals and Their Function
- Petals are often bright-colored to attract pollinators and can be either gamopetalous (united) or polypetalous (free).
- Corolla shapes include tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, and wheel-shaped.
Aestivation Types
- Aestivation refers to the arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud.
- Main types of aestivation:
- Valvate: Margins of appendages touch without overlapping (e.g., Calotropis).
- Twisted: Margins overlap successively (e.g., china rose).
- Imbricate: Margins overlap in no specific direction (e.g., Cassia).
- Vexillary: Specific overlapping pattern in pea and bean flowers, with one large petal overlapping two lateral ones.
These notes encapsulate the essential elements concerning plant structures, functions, and flower anatomy, crucial for understanding plant biology.
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Description
Test your knowledge on plant morphology, focusing on the modifications of roots and the structure of stems and leaves. This quiz will cover key features such as the differentiation between roots and stems, the role of leaves in photosynthesis, and other essential characteristics of plants.
