Plant Life Cycles and Flower Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the first part of the plant to emerge during the germination process?

  • Embryonic root (radicle) (correct)
  • Embryonic shoot (plumule)
  • Cotyledon
  • Embryonic leaf

Which of the following describes the role of water in the germination process?

  • Water supplies nutrients to the soil
  • Water causes the seed to swell and crack the coat (correct)
  • Water inhibits enzymatic activity
  • Water activates hormones that stimulate roots

What process begins after water activates enzymes during germination?

  • Root system expansion
  • Seedling growth termination
  • Photosynthesis initiation
  • Sugar transport to the embryo (correct)

Which method is NOT a way plants can reproduce asexually?

<p>Seed formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the process of using parts like leaves or stems to grow new roots?

<p>Cutting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a plant begins photosynthesis after germination, it is referred to as what?

<p>Seedling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques combines parts of two plants to form a hybrid?

<p>Grafting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do plant hormones primarily influence?

<p>Growth and development of plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of anaerobic respiration in plants when glucose is broken down?

<p>Ethanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the conditions under which anaerobic respiration occurs in plants?

<p>When oxygen is absent, such as during flooding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lenticels in the process of respiration in plants?

<p>They facilitate gas exchange with the atmosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of excess ethanol accumulation in plants during anaerobic respiration?

<p>Alteration of enzyme activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily affects the rate of respiration and photosynthesis in plants?

<p>Light intensity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an aggregate fruit?

<p>It develops from a single flower with multiple ovaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sperm cells form within a pollen grain?

<p>One cell from the pollen grain forms a pollen tube while the other forms two sperm cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of animal pollination compared to wind pollination?

<p>Animal pollination is generally more efficient in achieving successful fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of successful pollination?

<p>The pollen tube grows and delivers sperm cells to the ovule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fruit is formed from multiple flowers that together produce a single fruiting body?

<p>Multiple or collective fruit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocarp in flowering plants?

<p>Protecting and communicating with developing seeds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common among wind-pollinated flowers?

<p>They have small flowers and produce large amounts of pollen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do wind-pollinated flowers ensure successful pollination?

<p>By producing pollen grains in large quantities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between simple fruits and aggregate fruits?

<p>Aggregate fruits develop from multiple ovaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes animal-pollinated flowers from wind-pollinated flowers?

<p>Animal-pollinated flowers typically have larger flowers and less pollen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the mesocarp in fruits?

<p>It contains a pulp rich in fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might wind-pollinated flowers not need to be visually attractive?

<p>Their pollination does not depend on attracting pollinators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulp in mesocarp?

<p>To serve as a nutrient source for the developing seeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a key difference between respiration and photosynthesis?

<p>Photosynthesis requires light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of respiration in contrast to photosynthesis?

<p>Release of carbon dioxide and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about respiration and photosynthesis is true?

<p>Respiration is a catabolic process, while photosynthesis is anabolic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process does a cell typically lose weight?

<p>Respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of both respiration and photosynthesis?

<p>Both are metabolic processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the ripening of fruits?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes gibberellins?

<p>They end seed dormancy and promote growth in seedlings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokinins in plants?

<p>They stimulate cytokinesis and promote lateral growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tropism refer to in the context of plant biology?

<p>The directional growth of plants in response to environmental stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes a plant's response to the touch of external stimuli?

<p>Thigmotropism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes auxins to influence plant growth toward light?

<p>They accumulate on the shaded side of the plant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of plant regeneration?

<p>It facilitates the creation of new plant structures from existing tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about plant hormones is true?

<p>Different hormones have specific roles and can act in various parts of the plant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Simple Fruit

A fruit that develops from a single flower with only one ovary.

Aggregate Fruit

A fruit that develops from a single flower, but the flower has more than one ovary, and the ovaries join together as the fruit grows.

Multiple Fruit

A fruit formed from a cluster of fruiting flowers.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil.

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Pollination Event

The process where one pollen grain lands on a stigma.

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Mesocarp

The edible part of a fruit, often fleshy and juicy, located between the exocarp (skin) and the endocarp (inner layer).

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Endocarp

The innermost layer of the fruit, surrounding the seed.

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Wind Pollination

Flowers rely on wind for pollen dispersal. They tend to have smaller, less colorful flowers and produce more pollen.

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Animal Pollination

Flowers rely on animals (like insects or birds) for pollen dispersal. They often have larger, brighter flowers and produce less pollen.

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Stigma

The sticky tip of the female reproductive part of a flower (pistil) where pollen grains land during pollination.

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Anther

The male reproductive part of a flower containing pollen grains.

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Germination

The process of a seed developing into a young plant.

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Radicle

The embryonic root of a plant that emerges first during germination.

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Plumule

The embryonic shoot of a plant that emerges after the radicle during germination.

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Vegetative Propagation

The process of producing new plants from vegetative structures such as stems, leaves, or roots.

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Clones

A plant produced asexually from a single parent plant, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

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Grafting

The process of joining parts of two different plants together to create a hybrid plant.

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Plant Hormones

Chemical messengers in plants that regulate growth and development.

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Seedling

The stage of plant growth where photosynthesis begins and the plant can produce its own food.

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Anaerobic Respiration in Plants

The process where plants break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

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Light Intensity and Plant Processes

The rate at which both photosynthesis and respiration occur is influenced by the amount of light a plant receives.

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Gaseous Exchange in the Dark

A plant's respiration process is the only one occurring when there is no light, and it is much slower than photosynthesis. This leads to a lower oxygen concentration inside the plant's tissue compared to the outside air.

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Lenticels

Tiny openings on the surface of plant stems, which allow gas exchange between the plant's internal tissues and the atmosphere.

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CO2 in Plant Systems

The carbon dioxide produced by plant respiration is quickly used in the photosynthesis process, so the concentration remains low.

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Respiration

Cellular process where glucose is broken down, releasing energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in all living cells, both in the presence and absence of light.

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Photosynthesis

Process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in glucose. It happens in cells containing chloroplasts and chlorophyll, and requires light.

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Catabolism

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

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Anabolism

Building up complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

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Respiration and Photosynthesis: Comparison

Both respiration and photosynthesis are metabolic processes, but they are opposite reactions. Respiration breaks down glucose releasing energy, while photosynthesis uses energy to build glucose.

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What is asexual reproduction in plants?

Asexual reproduction is a method where a plant makes copies of itself without needing another plant. This can happen when a piece of the plant, like a stem, leaf, or root, breaks off and grows into a new plant.

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What is plant regeneration?

Plant regeneration involves the plant renewing, repairing, or replacing its own tissues. It's like the plant healing itself.

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What are plant hormones?

Plant hormones are chemical messengers that help regulate plant functions. They can be produced in one part of the plant and trigger changes in another part.

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What is ethylene?

Ethylene is a plant hormone that causes fruits to ripen. It can be sprayed on fruits to speed up the ripening process.

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What are gibberellins?

Gibberellins are plant hormones that stimulate growth, particularly in seeds and seedlings. They help break seed dormancy and encourage rapid growth.

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What are cytokinins?

Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. They are important for the growth of roots, seeds, and fruits.

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What are auxins?

Auxins are plant hormones that stimulate cell elongation, particularly in the growing tip of a plant. Auxins help control the direction of plant growth.

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What is thigmotropism?

Thigmotropism is a plant's response to touch. It helps plants like vines climb or grow towards a constant wind.

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Study Notes

Plant Life Cycles

  • All plants alternate between two phases in their life cycles
  • This alternation is called alternation of generations
  • The two phases are the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid)
  • The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis
  • The gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis
  • In nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is the dominant phase
  • In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant phase
  • In seed plants, the sporophyte is the dominant phase

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  • Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves
  • Sepals and petals are modified leaves
  • Sepals are outermost and protect the developing flower
  • The stamen is the male structure; the anther produces pollen grains, and the filament supports the anther
  • The carpel is the female structure; the stigma is the sticky tip, the style is the tube leading from the stigma to the ovary, and the ovary produces female gametophytes
  • Pollination occurs when pollen grains land on the stigma
  • Pollination can be by wind or animals
  • Wind-pollinated flowers are usually small, have little nectar, and large amounts of pollen
  • Animal-pollinated flowers are larger, have more nectar, and more colorful petals to attract animals
  • Fertilization takes place within the flower
  • One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote
  • The other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm
  • The endosperm provides food for the embryo
  • Each ovule develops into a seed, and the surrounding ovary develops into a fruit

Seed Dispersal and Germination

  • Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are favorable
  • Seed dormancy is a state in which the embryo has stopped growing
  • Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a seedling
  • Water causes the seed coat to swell and crack
  • Embryonic root (radicle) emerges first
  • Water activates enzymes that help send sugars to the embryo
  • Embryonic shoot (plumule) and leaves emerge next
  • Once photosynthesis begins, the plant is called a seedling

Asexual Reproduction

  • Plants can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or roots
  • Asexual reproduction allows a plant to make copies of itself
  • It occurs when a piece of a stem, leaf, or root falls off the parent plant
  • Plant regeneration refers to the renewal, repair, or replacement of plant tissue
  • Humans can reproduce plants with desirable traits using vegetative structures
  • Humans use one plant with desirable traits to produce many individuals
  • Cutting leaves or stems can grow roots; grafting joins parts of two plants to form a hybrid

Plant Hormones and Responses

  • Plant hormones regulate plant functions
  • Hormones are chemical messengers, produced in one part of the organism, and stimulate or suppress activity in another part
  • Auxins lengthen plant cells in the growing tip
  • Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light, with auxins building up on the shaded side causing the stem to bend toward light
  • Thigmotropism is a plant's response to touch-like stimuli
  • Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes
  • Photoperiodism is a response to the changing lengths of day and night

Plant Respiration

  • Plants, less active than animals, need lower energy requirements
  • Gaseous exchange occurs mainly in leaves (large surface area to volume ratio) and occurs through stomata and lenticels
  • Gaseous exchange in the light and in the dark
  • Aerobic respiration takes place constantly, in the presence of oxygen converting glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, converting glucose to ethanol or lactic acid

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Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response (Session 5-6) PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating processes of plant life cycles and reproduction in flowering plants. Learn about the alternation of generations, the structures involved in pollination, and the roles of sporophyte and gametophyte phases. This quiz covers key concepts and terminology essential for understanding plant biology.

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