Plant Leaves and Flowers

• ZHRNUTIE

List

• Types of leaves are simple, compound, and needle-like
• Simple leaves can be whole or deeply lobed
• Compound leaves are divided into multiple leaflets
• Needle-like leaves are narrow and pointed

Leaf Arrangement

• Leaf arrangement includes flowering, leafy, assimilating, and cotyledonous leaves
• Flowering leaves are variously colored and part of the flower
• Leafy leaves are located under the flower and serve for protection
• Assimilating leaves are necessary for photosynthesis
• Cotyledonous leaves emerge with the root and are the first

Why Leaves Fall Off

• Trees shed leaves in autumn to get rid of harmful substances

Why Leaves Change Color

• Leaves change color in the fall because there are fewer photosynthetic pigments and less chlorophyll, thus other colors become more pronounced.

Flower

• Flowers serve for reproduction, are plant reproductive organs, and ensure seed formation for the next generation.
• Floral envelopes are either uniform or diverse.

Flower Parts

• Stamen includes anthers, pollen grains, and filaments
• Pistil includes stigma, style, ovary, ovules, and seeds
• Aggregate flowers have multiple separate flowers, and individual flowers grow separately

Pollination

• Pollination occurs when pollen grains are transferred to the pistil's stigma.
• Pollination is either self-pollination or cross-pollination
• After pollination, fertilization happens when the male germ cell merges with the female one, and seeds start to form from the ovules.

Pollen Transfer

• Pollen transfer occurs by wind (anemophily) or insects (entomophily)
• Seed plant flowers can be bisexual or unisexual

Fruit

• The fruit forms after pollination and fertilization through the transformation of a pistil or seed.
• Fruits are divided into fleshy fruits and dry fruits.
• Fleshy fruits contain water when ripe (e.g., drupes, berries, stone fruits)
• Dry fruits loose water when ripe, can be dehiscent or indehiscent