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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a primary function of xylem?
Which of the following is a primary function of xylem?
- Supporting sieve elements in phloem
- Transporting sugars throughout the plant
- Transporting water and nutrients from roots to aerial parts of the plant (correct)
- Storing water-soluble growth factors
Gymnosperms are the dominant plant life during the Mesozoic era and produce fruits.
Gymnosperms are the dominant plant life during the Mesozoic era and produce fruits.
False (B)
The transfer of pollen to a carpel in angiosperms is mainly carried out by wind and animals, a process known as ______.
The transfer of pollen to a carpel in angiosperms is mainly carried out by wind and animals, a process known as ______.
pollination
Match the plant groups with their characteristics:
Match the plant groups with their characteristics:
Which of the following structures is responsible for protecting the developing embryo inside a flower?
Which of the following structures is responsible for protecting the developing embryo inside a flower?
What are the components that constitute the female organ (carpel) of a flower?
What are the components that constitute the female organ (carpel) of a flower?
Phloem transports water and nutrients, while xylem transports sugars and proteins.
Phloem transports water and nutrients, while xylem transports sugars and proteins.
Which evolutionary adaptation is associated with the success of angiosperms in terms of seed dispersal?
Which evolutionary adaptation is associated with the success of angiosperms in terms of seed dispersal?
The male reproductive organ in flowers, collectively called the androecium, is composed of a thin stalk called a ______ and a sac-like structure called the anther.
The male reproductive organ in flowers, collectively called the androecium, is composed of a thin stalk called a ______ and a sac-like structure called the anther.
Which plant phylum is characterized by having the most species?
Which plant phylum is characterized by having the most species?
Flashcards
Non-vascular Plants
Non-vascular Plants
Seedless, non-vascular plants that likely appeared early in land plant evolution. Examples include hornworts, liverworts, and mosses.
Vascular Plants
Vascular Plants
The dominant group of land plants, characterized by the presence of vascular tissue. More than 90% of Earth's vegetation are tracheophytes.
Xylem
Xylem
Tissue responsible for the storage and long-distance transport of water and nutrients in plants.
Phloem
Phloem
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Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
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Pollination
Pollination
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Flower Function
Flower Function
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Fruit Function
Fruit Function
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Carpel
Carpel
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Stamens
Stamens
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Study Notes
Plant Kingdom Evolution
- Land plants evolved from a common green algal ancestor.
- Key adaptations in plant evolution include embryo protection, apical growth, and vascular tissue.
- Non-vascular plants like hornworts, liverworts, and mosses were among the first to appear.
- Vascular plants are the dominant group, with over 260,000 species.
- Evolutionary innovations contributed to this success and ability to spread.
Vascular Tissue
- The basic conductive cell make-up contains xylem at the center, surrounded by pholem
- Xylem is responsible for the storage and transport of water and nutrients.
- Phloem transports sugars, proteins, and other solutes.
Plant Classification
- Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns (Phylum Pterophyta), and club mosses (Phylum Lycophyta).
- Seeded vascular plants include the gymnosperms and angiosperms.
- Gymnosperms are heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds, appearing in the Paleozoic era and dominating the Mesozoic.
- Modern gymnosperms belong to four phyla (Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta).
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
- Angiosperms dominate most terrestrial ecosystems, with over 250,000 species in the phylum Anthophyta.
- They play a key role in terrestrial ecosystems by stabilizing soils, cycling carbon, and moderating climate.
- Seed plants provide shelter and food for herbivores and produce secondary metabolites for medicinal and industrial use.
- Angiosperm diversity is driven by angiosperm interactions with animals
- Angiosperms evolved numerous adaptations to capture wind to attract specific animals for pollination.
Flower and Fruit
- Angiosperm success is attributed to flowers for pollination and fruits for seed dispersal.
- Flowers protect the ovule and developing embryo.
- Fruit structures aid in seed dispersal through various strategies like sweet flesh, wings, or spines.
Flower Structure
- Flowers consist of sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens, organized around a central stalk.
- The peduncle attaches the flower to the plant.
- Sepals (calyx) enclose the unopened bud and are usually photosynthetic.
- Petals (corolla) are located inside the sepals and often attract pollinators with vivid colors.
- Styles, stigmas, and ovules make up the female organ (carpel).
- Carpels may be singular, multiple, or fused, forming a pistil.
- Stamens (androecium), made of a filament and anther, are the male reproductive organs surrounding the carpel.
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