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Questions and Answers
What type of diseases have been introduced in India along with plant materials?
Which of the following crops is NOT mentioned as being introduced into India?
What is one consequence of introducing weeds alongside crop plants?
Which introduced variety was specifically noted for being a donor in hybridization programs?
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What is indicated as a method to improve introduced crops that are agronomically superior but lacking in certain characters?
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What led to the introduction of many diseases and pests into India?
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Which of the following is a variety that was directly multiplied and released as a new variety in India?
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Which of the following introduced crops is considered an ornamental plant?
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What is the initial step in the plant introduction procedure?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a propagule?
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What is the purpose of the entry inspection in the plant introduction process?
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What does 'EC' stand for in the classification of plant materials?
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Which step follows cataloguing in the plant introduction procedure?
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What is the main objective of quarantine measures in plant introduction?
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How are the introduced specimens numbered during cataloguing?
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Which of the following methods can be used to obtain new crop plants or varieties?
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What defines primary introduction in plant introduction?
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Which of the following is a key concept of acclimatization?
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Which factor does NOT influence the success of acclimatization?
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What is the primary purpose of introducing new plant varieties?
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Which example represents a secondary introduction?
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What is germplasm conservation aimed at?
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What is NOT a characteristic of domestication in plant introduction?
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Which factor is essential for the acclimatization process?
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What is the primary role of the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)?
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Which of the following substations under NBPGR is located at an elevation of approximately 2300m above sea level?
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What is the purpose of the substation located in Jodhpur?
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One of the merits of plant introduction is that it can lead to the creation of superior varieties. What does this imply?
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Which agency is involved in the introduction of medicinal plants and plants of botanical importance in India?
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Which of the following statements about the merits of plant introduction is NOT true?
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The KanyaKumari substation under NBPGR is primarily focused on which type of environment?
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The role of different Central Research Institutes and Agricultural Universities includes which of the following?
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Study Notes
Plant Introduction: Purpose and Procedure
- Introduction of new plants involves bringing genotypes from their native environment to a new environment.
- This process can involve new varieties of crops, wild relatives of crop species, or entirely new crop species.
- Primary Introduction: Introductions that are well suited to the new environment and released for commercial cultivation without genetic alteration. For example, dwarf wheat varieties like 'Sonora-64', 'Lerma rojo', and dwarf rice varieties like 'Taichung Native 1', 'IR-8'.
- Secondary Introduction: Introduced varieties that undergo selection or hybridization with local varieties to create improved versions with new traits. For example, the wheat varieties 'Kalyan Sona' and 'Sonalika' were selected from material introduced from CIMMYT, Mexico.
- Domestication: The process of bringing a wild species under cultivation by altering its behavior to make it suitable for a new environment.
- Acclimatization: The ability of a crop to adapt to new climatic and soil conditions.
- Factors influencing acclimatization: breeding system, genetic variation, and duration of the crop.
- Place effect and selection of new genotypes are crucial for acclimatization success.
Purpose of Plant Introduction
- Use in Agriculture, Forestry, and Industry: Introducing new varieties for food, fiber, wood, or medicinal purposes, as well as for breeding material.
- Aesthetic Interest: Introduction of ornamental plants for beautification.
- Germplasm Conservation: Maintaining old varieties that may be lost due to the spread of high-yielding varieties.
- Studying Origin and Distribution: Understanding the origin and evolution of crop plants through their distribution in different parts of the world.
Procedure of Plant Introduction
- Plant procurement or procurement of Germplasm: Requisition for new crop plants or varieties should be submitted to NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources) or IBPGR (International Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources). Material can be obtained through exchange, purchase, or as a gift.
- Packaging and Despatch: Propagule (seed, tuber, runner, etc.) is carefully cleaned, treated with fungicides, and packed for viable transportation.
- Entry and Plant Quarantine: Inspection for contaminants, insects, diseases, and nematodes. Material is treated with insecticides, fungicides, or nematicides before release. Key objective is to prevent pests and diseases from entering or spreading within the country.
- Cataloguing: Introduced specimens are given a number based on species, variety, place of origin, and data are recorded.
- Evaluation: Assessing the potential of new introductions, their performance under different substations, and resistance to diseases and pests in various environments.
- Multiplication and Distribution: Promising introduced materials are propagated and released as varieties after necessary trials.
### Agencies of Plant Introduction in India
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR): The central agency for plant introduction in India. Headquarters in New Delhi with substations for testing. NBPGR maintains a gene bank for long-term storage and helps to assess introduced material as well as coordinate with other agencies.
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NBPGR Substations:
- Shimla: Represents the temperate zone at 2300m above sea level for germplasm collection in the northern hills. Station used for acclimatization of introduced temperate-zone and high-altitude material.
- Jodhpur: Specifically for exploring and acclimatizing plant material for arid zones, managed by the Central Arid Zone Research Institute.
- Amravati: Carries out acclimatization and multiplication of introduced material for the central zone of India.
- KanyaKumari: Represents the tropical zone in South India.
- Shillong: For germplasm collection from North-East India.
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Other agencies involved:
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun: For introduction, acclimatization, conservation, and testing of forest trees.
- Botanical Survey of India: For introduction of medicinal plants and plants of botanical importance.
- Different Central Research Institutes and Agricultural Universities: Contribute to germplasm collection, introduction, and maintenance of crop plants.
Merits and Demerits of Plant Introduction
- Merits:*
- Introduces entirely new crop plants to a location.
- Facilitates the development of superior varieties through selection or hybridization.
- Supports germplasm collection, maintenance, and protection of genetic variability.
- Often the most economical and efficient way to improve crops if introduced material can be used directly.
- Introduction of some varieties to new areas may protect them from certain diseases.
- Demerits:*
- Potential for introducing weeds, diseases, and pests.
- Examples include the introductions of weeds like Argemone, Eichhornia, and Lantana from other countries.
- Fungal diseases like late blight of potato, flat smut of wheat, coffee rust, and bunchy top of banana have also been introduced in India along with plant materials.
- Insect pests like potato tuber moth, woolly aphis of apple, and fluted scale of Citrus were introduced alongside plant introductions.
- Many of these introductions occurred when quarantine measures were less common.
Achievements of Plant Introduction
- Played a crucial role in introducing new crop species and varieties to different parts of the world throughout history.
- New Crop Species Introduced to India: Potato, maize, groundnut, chili, coffee, rubber, guava, grape, pineapple, and ornamental plants like Gulmohor, Phlox, Salvia, and Aster.
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New Crop Varieties Introduced:
- Direct Multiplication and Release: Dwarf wheat varieties 'Sonora 64', 'Lerma Rojo' and dwarf rice varieties 'TN-1', 'IR-8' were introduced and used directly. Similar examples exist for oat, soybean, tomato, cauliflower, onion, etc.
- Selection of Desirable Varieties: 'Kalyan Sona' and 'Sonalika' are examples of wheat varieties selected from introduced Mexican varieties.
- Donor Varieties in Hybridization Programs: Introduced varieties superior to existing ones are used to contribute disease resistance, pest resistance, stress tolerance, plant type, and quality traits in hybridization programs. For instance, the dwarfing gene from TN-1 or IR-8 was used to develop other dwarf rice varieties. All existing sugarcane varieties are derived from the introduced noble cane variety of Saccharum officinarum.
- Mutation Breeding: Introduced varieties that are superior but lacking specific characters may be treated with mutagens to rectify the defects.
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Description
Explore the intricate processes involved in the introduction of new plant species to different environments. This quiz covers primary and secondary introductions, domestication, and acclimatization of crops. Test your understanding of how genetic traits influence agricultural practices.
