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Questions and Answers
What initiates the sprouting process in seeds?
What initiates the sprouting process in seeds?
Which of the following is NOT a method by which some seed coats can be damaged?
Which of the following is NOT a method by which some seed coats can be damaged?
What is the first indication of germination in a plant embryo?
What is the first indication of germination in a plant embryo?
Which classification includes plants that live for several years and can reproduce many times?
Which classification includes plants that live for several years and can reproduce many times?
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Which type of perennial plant dies back above ground after each season but stores nutrients for future growth?
Which type of perennial plant dies back above ground after each season but stores nutrients for future growth?
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How do cotyledons behave in plants like corn and peas?
How do cotyledons behave in plants like corn and peas?
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What protects the tip of the shoot in plants like beans during germination?
What protects the tip of the shoot in plants like beans during germination?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of deciduous plants?
Which of the following is a characteristic of deciduous plants?
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What role does nitrogen play in plants?
What role does nitrogen play in plants?
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What is apical dominance in plants?
What is apical dominance in plants?
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Which of the following hormones is associated with fruit ripening?
Which of the following hormones is associated with fruit ripening?
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Which plant growth response is influenced by gravity?
Which plant growth response is influenced by gravity?
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What is the primary effect of gibberellins in plants?
What is the primary effect of gibberellins in plants?
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What primarily influences the photoperiodism response in plants?
What primarily influences the photoperiodism response in plants?
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The hormone cytokinins are primarily produced in which part of the plant?
The hormone cytokinins are primarily produced in which part of the plant?
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Which mineral nutrient is crucial for photosynthesis?
Which mineral nutrient is crucial for photosynthesis?
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How do plants respond to touch stimuli through thigmotropism?
How do plants respond to touch stimuli through thigmotropism?
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What effect does temperature have on some plants' flowering?
What effect does temperature have on some plants' flowering?
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Which of the following nutrients is essential for osmotic balance in plants?
Which of the following nutrients is essential for osmotic balance in plants?
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What is dormancy in plants?
What is dormancy in plants?
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What is the function of auxin in plants?
What is the function of auxin in plants?
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What distinguishes day-neutral plants in terms of photoperiodism?
What distinguishes day-neutral plants in terms of photoperiodism?
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What distinguishes biennials from annuals?
What distinguishes biennials from annuals?
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Which of the following factors primarily contributes to secondary growth in plants?
Which of the following factors primarily contributes to secondary growth in plants?
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What is the main function of apical meristems in plants?
What is the main function of apical meristems in plants?
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How do plants replenish cells worn away in roots?
How do plants replenish cells worn away in roots?
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What type of plant development allows for continuous growth throughout a plant's life?
What type of plant development allows for continuous growth throughout a plant's life?
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What characterizes annual plants?
What characterizes annual plants?
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What is the primary role of meristems in plant growth?
What is the primary role of meristems in plant growth?
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Which nutrient source is essential for plants to synthesize carbohydrates?
Which nutrient source is essential for plants to synthesize carbohydrates?
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Which plant structure is specifically responsible for the production of vascular tissues in secondary growth?
Which plant structure is specifically responsible for the production of vascular tissues in secondary growth?
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What happens to a biennial plant after it flowers?
What happens to a biennial plant after it flowers?
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What is the main reason for the formation of annual rings in woody plants?
What is the main reason for the formation of annual rings in woody plants?
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What defines differentiation in plant cells?
What defines differentiation in plant cells?
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In what conditions could the roots of a plant be most adversely affected?
In what conditions could the roots of a plant be most adversely affected?
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What allows some cells in mature plants to revert to undifferentiated states?
What allows some cells in mature plants to revert to undifferentiated states?
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Study Notes
Plant Growth and Development
- Seeds contain plant embryos, sometimes dormant for thousands of years.
- Germination occurs when environmental cues (temperature, moisture) trigger growth.
- Seeds require water and oxygen to sprout. Swelling tissues and breaking seed coats allow germination.
- Seedlings emerge with roots; some shoots develop hooks or sheaths for protection from soil damage.
- Cotyledons (seed leaves) emerge above ground in some plants, remaining underground in others.
Plant Life Spans
- Plant lifespan categorizations:
- Perennials: Live for several years, store nutrients for next season's growth; herbaceous or woody, some deciduous (lose leaves annually), others evergreen (lose leaves gradually).
- Annuals: Complete life cycle (growth, flowering, seeding) within one growing season.
- Biennials: Complete life cycle in two growing seasons; produce roots and shoots in first, then a flowering stalk in the second.
Meristems and Growth
- Plants grow through active cell division regions called meristems.
- Primary growth increases stem and root length, initiated by apical meristems at tips of stems and roots.
- Secondary growth increases stem and root width in some plants (especially woody plants) from meristems called vascular cambium (inside bark, produces vascular tissues) and cork cambium (under epidermis, produces cork/bark).
Plant Development and Nutrients
- Plant development is guided by genes and continues throughout the lifespan; unlike animals, plant cells can often revert and differentiate.
- Nutrients: Plants need carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Plants also require mineral nutrients (at least 14), often supplied by fertilizers. Essential minerals include Nitrogen (proteins, etc.), Phosphorus (ATP, etc.), Potassium (active transport), Calcium (cell walls), Magnesium (chlorophyll), and Sulfur (proteins).
Hormonal Control of Growth
- Auxin: A plant hormone that promotes stem elongation, bends stems toward light (phototropism). It also inhibits bud growth (apical dominance).
- Ethylene: A gas promoting fruit ripening and loosening of fruit like cherries, etc.
- Gibberellins: Stimulate stem elongation, fruit development, and seed germination. Used to enlarge some fruits.
- Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division, slow aging; used to keep flowers fresh, extend fruit shelf life, and in tissue culture.
Environmental Influences
- Plant growth is affected by environmental factors.
- Tropisms: Responses to stimuli (e.g., phototropism - light, gravitropism - gravity, thigmotropism - touch; positive = toward, negative = away).
- Photoperiodism: Plant response to day/night length, affecting flowering patterns.
- Short-day plants: Bloom when days are short.
- Long-day plants: Bloom when days are long.
- Day-neutral plants: Not affected by day length.
- Temperature: Affects flowering, leaf drop, seed dormancy (remaining inactive). Cold periods often required for flowering in some plants.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of plant growth from seed germination to life spans. This quiz covers seed structure, germination triggers, and different plant categories based on their lifespans. Test your knowledge on meristems and the intricate growth mechanisms in plants.
