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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of growth in plants?
What is the primary characteristic of growth in plants?
What type of growth results in an increase in a plant's diameter?
What type of growth results in an increase in a plant's diameter?
How is plant growth usually expressed in research?
How is plant growth usually expressed in research?
What does differentiation in plant cells involve?
What does differentiation in plant cells involve?
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What is the relationship between growth and development in plants?
What is the relationship between growth and development in plants?
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What type of curve typically represents the growth of an annual plant over one growing season?
What type of curve typically represents the growth of an annual plant over one growing season?
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Which of the following describes meristem in plants?
Which of the following describes meristem in plants?
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Which statement distinguishes differentiation from growth in plants?
Which statement distinguishes differentiation from growth in plants?
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What primarily contributes to primary growth in plants?
What primarily contributes to primary growth in plants?
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Which factor is considered an internal control affecting plant growth?
Which factor is considered an internal control affecting plant growth?
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What is a characteristic of secondary growth in plants?
What is a characteristic of secondary growth in plants?
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Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor affecting plant growth?
Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor affecting plant growth?
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What is a major contributor to plant growth regulation?
What is a major contributor to plant growth regulation?
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The combination of genes and environmental factors influences what aspect of plant biology?
The combination of genes and environmental factors influences what aspect of plant biology?
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Which growth stage involves the development of the seed from zygote to embryo?
Which growth stage involves the development of the seed from zygote to embryo?
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Where does significant cell production occur in plants?
Where does significant cell production occur in plants?
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What is the primary function of respiration in plants?
What is the primary function of respiration in plants?
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Which type of photosynthesis involves the temporary storage of CO2 as 4-C organic acids?
Which type of photosynthesis involves the temporary storage of CO2 as 4-C organic acids?
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During which process is the energy for sugar synthesis generated?
During which process is the energy for sugar synthesis generated?
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Which factor does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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In which climate would CAM photosynthesis be most advantageous?
In which climate would CAM photosynthesis be most advantageous?
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What is the result of increased light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
What is the result of increased light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
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Which process is defined as the movement of water throughout the plant system?
Which process is defined as the movement of water throughout the plant system?
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Which process involves the utilization of food for plant growth?
Which process involves the utilization of food for plant growth?
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What is the juvenile stage in plant development characterized by?
What is the juvenile stage in plant development characterized by?
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Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for cell elongation?
Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for cell elongation?
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What does the fundamental ability of totipotency in plants refer to?
What does the fundamental ability of totipotency in plants refer to?
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Which phase follows the transition phase of plant development?
Which phase follows the transition phase of plant development?
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Which plant growth regulator is primarily involved in inhibiting senescence?
Which plant growth regulator is primarily involved in inhibiting senescence?
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What is the role of abscisic acid in plant development?
What is the role of abscisic acid in plant development?
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How do plant hormones primarily affect plant physiology?
How do plant hormones primarily affect plant physiology?
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What is the significance of light energy conversion in plants?
What is the significance of light energy conversion in plants?
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Study Notes
Plant Growth, Development and Reproduction
- Dr. Luz O. Moreno presented a colloquium on plant growth, development, and reproduction, at the Visayas State University.
- The colloquium was held in 2024, at Visca, Baybay, Leyte.
- Growth and development are coordinated events, starting with germination, followed by vegetative growth, and then the reproductive phase.
How Plants Grow
- Plant growth involves several stages:
- Seed stage: Seeds are ready to grow
- Germination: Seeds absorb water and nutrients; roots grow and shoot grows towards the sky, breaking through the ground.
- Sprouting: Formation of shoot, called a sprout.
- Pollination: One way plants reproduce
- Dissemination: Seeds are scattered or dispersed by wind, water, animals, or other forces.
- Growth and development consist of complete, coordinated events.
Growth
- Growth is a process that results in an irreversible increase in size.
- Types of plant growth:
- Primary growth: Results from the activity of primary meristems, such as apical meristems (e g. tips of roots and shoots).
- Secondary growth: Results from the activity of secondary meristems, like the vascular cambium, leading to an increase in diameter.
- Usually expressed as dry weight (including grain, height, length, and diameter) with increase in cell numbers through cell division as well as cell size increase in a process called indeterminate growth.
- Plants have this because meristems help them add new tissues and organs as long as they are alive.
Development
- Development encompasses changes throughout the life cycle of an organism (zygote → embryo → mature organism).
- This involves all changes from the beginning to the end of the organism's life cycle.
Differentiation and Organization
- Differentiation is a crucial process where unspecialized cells become specialized cells with unique forms and functions.
- Organization involves the proper placement and integration of differentiated cells, leading to the overall form and structure of the plant organism.
Growth Stages
- Embryogenesis: Development of the embryo from the zygote.
- Vegetative development: Includes:
- Seed germination to photosynthetic plant.
- Plant vegetative development (growth of stems, leaves, roots).
- Reproductive development: Includes flowering, pollination, and fertilization.
Phases of Vegetative Stage
- Juvenile stage: From germination to the start of transition.
- Transition stage: Loss of juvenile characteristics gradually and acquisition of the adult characteristics.
- Adult stage: Plant is capable of flowering, responses to stimuli.
Nature of Plant Growth
- Increase in size
- Cell division
- Cell enlargement
- Change in cell density
- Distribution of growth is not uniform.
- Growth centers, such as meristems (production of new cells) and regions of cell enlargement.
Growth Stages
- Embryogenesis
- Vegetative development
- Reproductive develepment
Phases of vegetative
- Juvenile stage
- Transition phase
- Adult plant
Plant Growth Regulators
- Hormones: Substances other than nutrients made by plants – modify/control growth either quantitatively or qualitatively.
- Responses need not be promotive but can also be inhibitory.
- Usually translocated from production sites to action sites.
- Can be effective in minute concentrations.
- Hormones regulate development and plant responses.
- Plant hormones influence plant defense & signaling pathways.
- Hormone effects depend on hormone amount & tissue sensitivity.
Plant Hormones (PGRs)
- Auxins – promote cell elongation.
- Gibberellins – promote cell elongation and division (translated into growth).
- Cytokinins – promote cell division and inhibit senescence.
- Abscisic acid – promote leaf and fruit abscission & dormancy induction of buds and seeds.
- Ethylene - promotes senescence, epinasty, and fruit ripening.
- Other Identified Plant Growth Regulators:
- Brassinosteroids
- Salicylic acid
- Jasmonates
- Plant peptide hormones
- Polyamines
- Nitric oxide
- Strigolactones
- Karrikins
Plant Hormones: Classification
- Two major classes:
- Promoters (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids): Cause faster growth
- Inhibitors (ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid): Reduce growth
Two Hormones Affect Plant Differentiation
- Auxin: Stimulates root development
- Cytokinin: Stimulates shoot development
- Ratio of Auxin & Cytokinin determines plant development
Plant Life Processes
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Water absorption and transpiration
- Translocation
- Assimilation
Photosynthesis
- Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
- Key Processes:
- Light reactions: Produce ATP & NADPH
- Calvin cycle: Produces glucose from carbon dioxide.
- Types of photosynthesis:
- C3: Majority of plants
- C4: Many grasses and crops
- CAM: Many succulents.
Factors affecting Photosynthesis (External)
- Light (quality, duration, & intensity): Plants need varying amounts of light.
- CO2 concentration: Higher CO2 levels mean faster photosynthesis.
- Water availability: Impacts the rate of water uptake.
- Temperature: Affects the rate of photosynthesis, with an optimal temperature range.
Factors affecting Photosynthesis (Internal)
- Photosynthetic enzyme systems
- Leaf resistance
- Demand for Ps
- Hormonal regulation
- Genetic control
- Leaf age
- Mineral status
Respiration
- Breakdown of food (glucose) to release energy.
- Occurs in the mitochondria.
- Enzymes control the process.
Cellular Respiration
- Activation of glucose through ATP.
- Glycolysis
- Aerobic (with oxygen present)
- Anaerobic (without oxygen present- fermentation)
Transpiration
- Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves.
- Controlled by small pores on leaves, called stomata.
- Driven by differences in water potential.
- Includes also guttation which is the loss of water from plants in liquid form.
Water Movement
- Root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration pull (suction pressure).
- Important for transport through xylem cells.
Control of in vitro Culture
- Leaf strip/shoot culture; cytokinin.
- Adventitious shoot / rooting/ root culture; auxin levels.
- Callus development; auxin & cytokinin at equal levels.
General Overview of Role of Plant Hormones in Growth and Development
- Role of hormones varies in the growth stages of the plant from germination to maturity.
- Gibberellins, Auxin, Cytokinins, Ethylene, ABA; associated with stages of growth.
Sugar Signals Interact with other Signaling Pathways
- Hormones (eg., GA, ABA, ethylene, auxin, cytokinin), metabolic pathways (carbohydrates and nitrogen) Environmental stimuli, and gene regulation all interact to control plant growth and development.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts discussed in Dr. Luz O. Moreno's colloquium on plant growth, development, and reproduction held at Visayas State University. Explore different stages of plant growth from germination to reproduction and understand the processes involved in a plant's life cycle.
