Plant Form and Function Chapter 4.5b

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of flagella in eubacteria?

Nutrient absorption

Cell division

Genetic material transfer

Locomotion (correct)

Only eubacteria can reproduce via binary fission.

False

What type of prokaryotic cell can act as a donor in conjugation?

F plasmid-positive (F+)

Bacteria that can be transformed are said to be __________.

competent Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of prokaryotes with their characteristics:

Autotrophs = Can synthesize their own organic compounds Aerobes = Require oxygen for survival Obligate Anaerobes = Cannot survive in oxygen Facultative Anaerobes = Can survive with or without oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes the uptake of genetic material from the environment?

Transformation Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts have linear DNA similar to that found in eukaryotic cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is chemotaxis?

Directed movement towards chemoattractants or away from chemorepellents Signup and view all the answers

The process of transferring genetic material via viral infection is called __________.

transduction Signup and view all the answers

What supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Circular DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of roots in plants?

Absorbing water and minerals Signup and view all the answers

Leaves serve multiple functions including heat dissipation and protection against herbivores.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots?

Xylem Signup and view all the answers

The main photosynthetic organ in plants is the ______.

leaf Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant tissue is responsible for transporting sugars?

Phloem Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant tissues with their functions:

Xylem = Transport water and minerals Phloem = Transport sugars Dermal = Protection against damage Ground = Metabolism and storage Signup and view all the answers

Sclerenchyma cells provide flexible support in areas of primary growth.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of plant growth mentioned?

Primary and secondary growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Vascular Cambium in woody plants?

Formation of secondary xylem and phloem Signup and view all the answers

The Casparian Strip is responsible for filtering water before it enters the vascular bundle.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the root cap in plant growth?

It protects the apical meristem. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the region where differentiation into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues takes place in roots.

Zone of Differentiation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions in plant growth.

Epidermis = Protective layer for roots and stems Pericycle = Regulates root growth Cortex = Stores carbohydrates Pith = Stores water and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the vascular cambium in woody plants?

To produce secondary xylem and phloem Signup and view all the answers

Stomata are responsible for water loss in plants.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of guard cells?

To regulate the opening and closing of stomata Signup and view all the answers

The _______ theory describes the mechanism of bulk xylem flow due to transpiration.

Cohesion-Tension Signup and view all the answers

Match each component of the leaf with its function:

Epidermis = Prevents water loss Mesophyll = Photosynthesis and gas exchange Stomata = Gas exchange Vascular bundles = Transport water and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes contributes the least to the upward movement of xylem sap?

Root Pressure Signup and view all the answers

Phloem transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

True Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'sink' in the context of sugar transport in plants.

A location where sugars are utilized or stored Signup and view all the answers

The _______ cambium produces the periderm as an outer layer.

cork Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the stomatal regulation in plants?

High turgor pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structures produced by antheridia and archegonia?

Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs. Signup and view all the answers

Mosses possess stomata in their sporophytes.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of having a waxy cuticle in vascular plants?

It prevents water loss. Signup and view all the answers

In hornworts, sporophytes typically live in _____ with cyanobacteria.

symbiosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant types with their characteristics:

Lycophytes = Club mosses with branching stems Pterophytes = Ferns with divided fronds Mosses = Gametophyte-dominated, non-vascular Hornworts = Sporophytes living in symbiosis with cyanobacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features is characteristic of ferns?

Feathery fronds. Signup and view all the answers

All seedless plants reproduce through flagellated sperm that require water.

True Signup and view all the answers

Sporophyte typically extends into the _____ in seedless plants.

air Signup and view all the answers

What type of rhizoids do mosses possess?

Multicellular rhizoids Signup and view all the answers

Which plant type typically has flattened gametophytes or resembles mosses?

Liverworts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Structure and Function

Nonmotile sperm is characteristic of many plant species.
Over 300,000 species of plants exhibit a great variety of leaf structures.

Root System

Absorbs water and minerals essential for plant growth and function.
Stores carbohydrates; contributes to overall energy management of the plant.
Primary root emerges first from a germinating seed, with lateral roots branching off.
Taproots function as the main vertical root, prevalent in tall trees.

Shoot System (Stems and Leaves)

Functions in gas exchange and photosynthesis, crucial for carbohydrate production.
Stems support reproductive structures; green stems participate in limited photosynthesis.
Leaves dissipate heat and offer defense against herbivores and pathogens.

Plant Tissues

Dermal tissue provides an outer protective covering against damage and pathogens.
Epidermis acts as a primary protective layer; cuticle reduces water loss.
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, composed of dead cells with lignin.
Types of xylem cells include tracheids (long, tapered) and vessel elements (short, wide).
Phloem transports sugars produced in leaves, utilizing living sieve cells that lack a nucleus.

Growth and Development

Primary growth occurs at apical meristems, leading to elongation of roots and shoots.
Secondary growth involves lateral meristems that add width to stems and roots.

Prokaryotic Motility and Genetics

Flagella and pili assist in locomotion, attachment, and conjugation in bacteria.
Chemotaxis allows bacteria to move toward nutrients or away from harmful substances.
Conjugation transfers plasmids between prokaryotic cells; transduction and transformation are alternative genetic exchange mechanisms.
E. coli demonstrates conjugation via F plasmids and R plasmids for antibiotic resistance.

Prokaryotic Metabolism

Autotrophs include photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs, while heterotrophs ingest organic substances.
Aerobes require oxygen, while anaerobes do not. Facultative anaerobes can metabolize with or without oxygen.

Protists and Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from engulfed prokaryotes.
Protists primarily exist as unicellular organisms, including protozoa and algae.

Leaf Structure

Epidermis is coated in a waxy cuticle to minimize water loss.
Stomata allow gas exchange, regulated by guard cells.
Mesophyll tissue, rich in parenchyma cells, specializes in photosynthesis and gas exchange.

Transport Mechanisms in Plants

Cohesion-tension theory describes xylem sap movement, driven by transpiration pull.
Root pressure results from water and minerals being pushed up the xylem.
Stomatal regulation responds to various environmental cues, including water availability.
Pressure-flow hypothesis explains the translocation of sugars via phloem due to positive pressure.

Reproduction in Non-Vascular Plants

Fertilization in liverworts, mosses, and hornworts involves flagellated sperm, water-dependent reproduction.
The sporophyte stage dominates in vascular plants, while gametophytes emerge from tips.

Seedless Plants

Sporophyte stage of seedless plants is dominant and photosynthetic.
Gametangia at gametophyte tips produce gametes for reproduction.
Lycophytes and pterophytes possess distinct features like branching stems and feathery fronds.

Anatomy of Root Growth

Root cap protects the apical meristem; growth occurs in defined zones.
Endodermis regulates water and nutrient flow using the Casparian strip for filtration.

Stem Structure

Epidermis combined with a waxy cuticle serves to prevent desiccation.
Vascular bundles differ in arrangement between monocots (rings) and dicots (dispersed).
Cork cambium and vascular cambium contribute to secondary growth, increasing girth in stems and roots.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of plant form and function with a focus on root systems. This quiz covers important concepts such as nonmotile sperm, leaf variety, and the primary root's role in germination. Get ready to test your knowledge on over 300,000 species of plants!

Plant Form and Function Chapter 4.5b

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of flagella in eubacteria?

Only eubacteria can reproduce via binary fission.

What type of prokaryotic cell can act as a donor in conjugation?

Bacteria that can be transformed are said to be __________.

Match the following types of prokaryotes with their characteristics:

Which mechanism describes the uptake of genetic material from the environment?

Chloroplasts have linear DNA similar to that found in eukaryotic cells.

What is chemotaxis?

The process of transferring genetic material via viral infection is called __________.

What supports the endosymbiotic theory?

What is the primary role of roots in plants?

Leaves serve multiple functions including heat dissipation and protection against herbivores.

What type of tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots?

The main photosynthetic organ in plants is the ______.

Which type of plant tissue is responsible for transporting sugars?

Match the following plant tissues with their functions:

Sclerenchyma cells provide flexible support in areas of primary growth.

What are the two main types of plant growth mentioned?

What is the primary function of the Vascular Cambium in woody plants?

The Casparian Strip is responsible for filtering water before it enters the vascular bundle.

What is the function of the root cap in plant growth?

The __________ is the region where differentiation into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues takes place in roots.

Match the following structures with their functions in plant growth.

What is the main function of the vascular cambium in woody plants?

Stomata are responsible for water loss in plants.

What is the purpose of guard cells?

The _______ theory describes the mechanism of bulk xylem flow due to transpiration.

Match each component of the leaf with its function:

Which of the following processes contributes the least to the upward movement of xylem sap?

Phloem transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Define the term 'sink' in the context of sugar transport in plants.

The _______ cambium produces the periderm as an outer layer.

What triggers the stomatal regulation in plants?

Which of the following correctly describes the structures produced by antheridia and archegonia?

Mosses possess stomata in their sporophytes.

What is the main advantage of having a waxy cuticle in vascular plants?

In hornworts, sporophytes typically live in _____ with cyanobacteria.

Match the following plant types with their characteristics:

Which of these features is characteristic of ferns?

All seedless plants reproduce through flagellated sperm that require water.

Sporophyte typically extends into the _____ in seedless plants.

What type of rhizoids do mosses possess?

Which plant type typically has flattened gametophytes or resembles mosses?

Study Notes

Plant Structure and Function

Root System

Shoot System (Stems and Leaves)

Plant Tissues

Growth and Development

Prokaryotic Motility and Genetics

Prokaryotic Metabolism

Protists and Endosymbiotic Theory

Leaf Structure

Transport Mechanisms in Plants

Reproduction in Non-Vascular Plants

Seedless Plants

Anatomy of Root Growth

Stem Structure

Studying That Suits You

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