Plant Form and Function Chapter 4.5b
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of flagella in eubacteria?

  • Nutrient absorption
  • Cell division
  • Genetic material transfer
  • Locomotion (correct)

    • Only eubacteria can reproduce via binary fission.

    False

    What type of prokaryotic cell can act as a donor in conjugation?

    F plasmid-positive (F+)

    Bacteria that can be transformed are said to be __________.

    <p>competent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of prokaryotes with their characteristics:

    <p>Autotrophs = Can synthesize their own organic compounds Aerobes = Require oxygen for survival Obligate Anaerobes = Cannot survive in oxygen Facultative Anaerobes = Can survive with or without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the uptake of genetic material from the environment?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts have linear DNA similar to that found in eukaryotic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chemotaxis?

    <p>Directed movement towards chemoattractants or away from chemorepellents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of transferring genetic material via viral infection is called __________.

    <p>transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the endosymbiotic theory?

    <p>Circular DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of roots in plants?

    <p>Absorbing water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leaves serve multiple functions including heat dissipation and protection against herbivores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main photosynthetic organ in plants is the ______.

    <p>leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant tissue is responsible for transporting sugars?

    <p>Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant tissues with their functions:

    <p>Xylem = Transport water and minerals Phloem = Transport sugars Dermal = Protection against damage Ground = Metabolism and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sclerenchyma cells provide flexible support in areas of primary growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of plant growth mentioned?

    <p>Primary and secondary growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Vascular Cambium in woody plants?

    <p>Formation of secondary xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Casparian Strip is responsible for filtering water before it enters the vascular bundle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the root cap in plant growth?

    <p>It protects the apical meristem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the region where differentiation into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues takes place in roots.

    <p>Zone of Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions in plant growth.

    <p>Epidermis = Protective layer for roots and stems Pericycle = Regulates root growth Cortex = Stores carbohydrates Pith = Stores water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vascular cambium in woody plants?

    <p>To produce secondary xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stomata are responsible for water loss in plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of guard cells?

    <p>To regulate the opening and closing of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ theory describes the mechanism of bulk xylem flow due to transpiration.

    <p>Cohesion-Tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each component of the leaf with its function:

    <p>Epidermis = Prevents water loss Mesophyll = Photosynthesis and gas exchange Stomata = Gas exchange Vascular bundles = Transport water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes contributes the least to the upward movement of xylem sap?

    <p>Root Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phloem transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'sink' in the context of sugar transport in plants.

    <p>A location where sugars are utilized or stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ cambium produces the periderm as an outer layer.

    <p>cork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the stomatal regulation in plants?

    <p>High turgor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structures produced by antheridia and archegonia?

    <p>Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mosses possess stomata in their sporophytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of having a waxy cuticle in vascular plants?

    <p>It prevents water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hornworts, sporophytes typically live in _____ with cyanobacteria.

    <p>symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant types with their characteristics:

    <p>Lycophytes = Club mosses with branching stems Pterophytes = Ferns with divided fronds Mosses = Gametophyte-dominated, non-vascular Hornworts = Sporophytes living in symbiosis with cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these features is characteristic of ferns?

    <p>Feathery fronds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All seedless plants reproduce through flagellated sperm that require water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporophyte typically extends into the _____ in seedless plants.

    <p>air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rhizoids do mosses possess?

    <p>Multicellular rhizoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant type typically has flattened gametophytes or resembles mosses?

    <p>Liverworts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Structure and Function

    • Nonmotile sperm is characteristic of many plant species.
    • Over 300,000 species of plants exhibit a great variety of leaf structures.

    Root System

    • Absorbs water and minerals essential for plant growth and function.
    • Stores carbohydrates; contributes to overall energy management of the plant.
    • Primary root emerges first from a germinating seed, with lateral roots branching off.
    • Taproots function as the main vertical root, prevalent in tall trees.

    Shoot System (Stems and Leaves)

    • Functions in gas exchange and photosynthesis, crucial for carbohydrate production.
    • Stems support reproductive structures; green stems participate in limited photosynthesis.
    • Leaves dissipate heat and offer defense against herbivores and pathogens.

    Plant Tissues

    • Dermal tissue provides an outer protective covering against damage and pathogens.
    • Epidermis acts as a primary protective layer; cuticle reduces water loss.
    • Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, composed of dead cells with lignin.
    • Types of xylem cells include tracheids (long, tapered) and vessel elements (short, wide).
    • Phloem transports sugars produced in leaves, utilizing living sieve cells that lack a nucleus.

    Growth and Development

    • Primary growth occurs at apical meristems, leading to elongation of roots and shoots.
    • Secondary growth involves lateral meristems that add width to stems and roots.

    Prokaryotic Motility and Genetics

    • Flagella and pili assist in locomotion, attachment, and conjugation in bacteria.
    • Chemotaxis allows bacteria to move toward nutrients or away from harmful substances.
    • Conjugation transfers plasmids between prokaryotic cells; transduction and transformation are alternative genetic exchange mechanisms.
    • E. coli demonstrates conjugation via F plasmids and R plasmids for antibiotic resistance.

    Prokaryotic Metabolism

    • Autotrophs include photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs, while heterotrophs ingest organic substances.
    • Aerobes require oxygen, while anaerobes do not. Facultative anaerobes can metabolize with or without oxygen.

    Protists and Endosymbiotic Theory

    • Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from engulfed prokaryotes.
    • Protists primarily exist as unicellular organisms, including protozoa and algae.

    Leaf Structure

    • Epidermis is coated in a waxy cuticle to minimize water loss.
    • Stomata allow gas exchange, regulated by guard cells.
    • Mesophyll tissue, rich in parenchyma cells, specializes in photosynthesis and gas exchange.

    Transport Mechanisms in Plants

    • Cohesion-tension theory describes xylem sap movement, driven by transpiration pull.
    • Root pressure results from water and minerals being pushed up the xylem.
    • Stomatal regulation responds to various environmental cues, including water availability.
    • Pressure-flow hypothesis explains the translocation of sugars via phloem due to positive pressure.

    Reproduction in Non-Vascular Plants

    • Fertilization in liverworts, mosses, and hornworts involves flagellated sperm, water-dependent reproduction.
    • The sporophyte stage dominates in vascular plants, while gametophytes emerge from tips.

    Seedless Plants

    • Sporophyte stage of seedless plants is dominant and photosynthetic.
    • Gametangia at gametophyte tips produce gametes for reproduction.
    • Lycophytes and pterophytes possess distinct features like branching stems and feathery fronds.

    Anatomy of Root Growth

    • Root cap protects the apical meristem; growth occurs in defined zones.
    • Endodermis regulates water and nutrient flow using the Casparian strip for filtration.

    Stem Structure

    • Epidermis combined with a waxy cuticle serves to prevent desiccation.
    • Vascular bundles differ in arrangement between monocots (rings) and dicots (dispersed).
    • Cork cambium and vascular cambium contribute to secondary growth, increasing girth in stems and roots.

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