Plant Diversity Chapter Quiz

Plant Diversity

• This chapter focuses on plant diversity, covering various plant types, their characteristics, and reproduction methods.

Learning Objectives

• Identifying factors that limit bryophyte size.
• Describing the importance of vascular tissue in plants.
• Identifying adaptations in seed plants enabling reproduction without water.

Key Plant Groups

• Bryophytes: A group of nonvascular plants (e.g., mosses, liverworts, hornworts). Their small size is limited by the lack of specialized water transport tissue. They reproduce via spores and thrive in damp environments. They get water and nutrients through osmosis and diffusion.
• Vascular Plants: A group of plants with vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). This specialized tissue is crucial for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant, allowing for larger size.
  • Seedless Vascular Plants: Includes ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.
    • Characteristics: Possess vascular tissue. Reproduction through spores. Dependent on water for fertilization.
    • Lycophytes (e.g., club mosses): They resemble moss gametophytes, but their reproductive structures are club-shaped or spike-shaped. The sporophyte generation is dominant.
    • Pterophytes (e.g., ferns and horsetails): The fern gametophyte is tiny and thin. Spores develop into gametophytes, which in turn produce sporophytes. Ferns often live in moist environments, can adapt to drought conditions with dormancy. Rhizomes are thick underground stems that act as a food storage organ.
  • Seed Plants: These plants have seeds, which protect the embryo and hold food supply. They reproduce without needing water for fertilization.
    • Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers, cycads, ginkgoes): Their seeds are not enclosed in fruit. Reproduce via seeds located within cones on scales.
    • Angiosperms (e.g., flowering plants): These plants bear their seeds enclosed in protective structures (fruit). They are dependent on pollinators to transfer pollen (reproductive grains) from male to female reproductive structures. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are more successful in drier climates due to the way seeds are protected and transported.

Plant Classification

• Plants are classified into non-vascular and vascular groups. Nonvascular plants lack conducting tissue.
• Vascular plants possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) to transport water, nutrients, and sugars. - Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue but reproduce via spores
  • Seed vascular plants have vascular tissue and reproduce via seeds.

Bryophytes Body

• The bryophyte body is called a thallus. These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. This is a characteristic that distinguishes them from vascular plants.

Dominant Phase in Bryophyte Life Cycle

• The dominant phase in the bryophyte life cycle is the gametophyte.

Structure to Move Sperm

• Flagella are the structures that help sperm move

Cyanobacteria and Anthocerphyta

• Anthoceros are associated with symbiotic cyanobacteria.

Most Primitive Land Plant

•  Hepaticophyta.

Additional Notes

• Specific examples of plants and their characteristics are given in the provided documents.
• Detailed vocabulary is provided for various plant parts and processes.
• The importance of water and its relation to plant survival is emphasized.
• Critical-thinking questions are provided to further understanding.