Plant Diversity Chapter Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What limits the size of bryophytes?

  • High nutrient requirements
  • Lack of vascular tissue (correct)
  • Presence of true roots
  • Solid cellular structure

Why is vascular tissue important for plants?

  • It helps in photosynthesis.
  • It provides structural support.
  • It transports water and nutrients. (correct)
  • It stores carbohydrates.

Which bryophyte structure is responsible for nutrient and water absorption?

  • Sporophyte
  • Rhizoids (correct)
  • Thallus
  • Gametophyte

What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?

<p>Gametophyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptations do seed plants have that allow them to reproduce without water?

<p>Pollen and seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of nonvascular plant?

<p>Ferns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bryophytes predominantly obtain water and nutrients?

<p>Osmosis and diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the body of a bryophyte?

<p>Thallus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rhizomes in ferns?

<p>To store food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are sori typically located on ferns?

<p>On the undersides of fronds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of horsetails?

<p>They contain silica in their stems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do ferns thrive in damp forests instead of grasslands?

<p>They thrive in shade and moisture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do horsetails reproduce?

<p>By producing spores in strobili (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fronds in ferns?

<p>Their size and branched vascular tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance in horsetails made them useful for cleaning?

<p>Silica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sporophytes and gametophytes in ferns?

<p>Sporophytes produce gametophytes through spores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is essential for the movement of sperm in certain organisms?

<p>Flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rhizome in seedless vascular plants?

<p>Food storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of seedless vascular plants?

<p>Reproduce by seeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a plant that grows attached to another plant without taking nutrients from it?

<p>Epiphyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are certain lycophytes referred to as ground pines?

<p>They resemble miniature pine trees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division includes ferns and horsetails?

<p>Pterophyta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sporangium in seedless vascular plants?

<p>It is where spores form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ferns adapt to drought conditions?

<p>By slowing their life processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients.

Gametophyte

The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes, which produces gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction.

Osmosis

The process by which water moves across cell membranes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Diffusion

The process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Thallus

A flattened, undifferentiated plant body found in bryophytes, lacking true roots, stems, and leaves.

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Cyanobacteria and hornworts symbiosis

A symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and hornworts, where cyanobacteria provide nitrogen fixation.

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Flagella

The structure in bryophytes that helps sperm swim towards the egg for fertilization.

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Sporophyte

The dominant stage in the life cycle of vascular plants, which produces spores for asexual reproduction.

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Seedless Vascular Plants

A plant that does not produce seeds and has vascular tissues, like xylem and phloem, to transport water and nutrients.

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Strobilus

A compact cluster of spore-bearing structures found in some seedless vascular plants. It often resembles a cone.

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Epiphyte

Plants that grow attached to other plants or objects for support.

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Rhizome

A thick underground stem that stores food and allows the plant to spread horizontally.

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Sporangium

The structure where spores are formed in seedless vascular plants. In ferns, this structure is usually found on the underside of fronds.

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Lycophyte

A group of seedless vascular plants that includes club mosses and spike mosses.

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Pterophyta

A group of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and horsetails.

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Fern Sporophyte

In ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant generation. It is the stage that produces spores, which eventually develop into the gametophyte.

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Fern Rhizome

The rhizome of a fern is a thick, underground stem that acts as a food storage organ.

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Fern Sporangia and Sori

Sporangia are structures on ferns where spores are produced. Many sporangia together form a sorus.

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Fern Spore

Fern spores are produced in sporangia and germinate when conditions are favorable, developing into gametophytes.

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Horsetail Structure

Horsetails have ribbed, hollow stems with circles of scale-like leaves.

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Horsetail Spore Formation

In horsetails, spores are produced in strobili, located at the tips of reproductive stems.

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Horsetail Silica

Horsetails contain silica, a scratchy substance that makes them feel rough.

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Horsetail Use

Horsetails were once used for cleaning because silica is a hard substance.

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Study Notes

Plant Diversity

  • This chapter focuses on plant diversity, covering various plant types, their characteristics, and reproduction methods.

Learning Objectives

  • Identifying factors that limit bryophyte size.
  • Describing the importance of vascular tissue in plants.
  • Identifying adaptations in seed plants enabling reproduction without water.

Key Plant Groups

  • Bryophytes: A group of nonvascular plants (e.g., mosses, liverworts, hornworts). Their small size is limited by the lack of specialized water transport tissue. They reproduce via spores and thrive in damp environments. They get water and nutrients through osmosis and diffusion.
  • Vascular Plants: A group of plants with vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). This specialized tissue is crucial for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant, allowing for larger size.
    • Seedless Vascular Plants: Includes ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.
      • Characteristics: Possess vascular tissue. Reproduction through spores. Dependent on water for fertilization.
      • Lycophytes (e.g., club mosses): They resemble moss gametophytes, but their reproductive structures are club-shaped or spike-shaped. The sporophyte generation is dominant.
      • Pterophytes (e.g., ferns and horsetails): The fern gametophyte is tiny and thin. Spores develop into gametophytes, which in turn produce sporophytes. Ferns often live in moist environments, can adapt to drought conditions with dormancy. Rhizomes are thick underground stems that act as a food storage organ.
    • Seed Plants: These plants have seeds, which protect the embryo and hold food supply. They reproduce without needing water for fertilization.
      • Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers, cycads, ginkgoes): Their seeds are not enclosed in fruit. Reproduce via seeds located within cones on scales.
      • Angiosperms (e.g., flowering plants): These plants bear their seeds enclosed in protective structures (fruit). They are dependent on pollinators to transfer pollen (reproductive grains) from male to female reproductive structures. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are more successful in drier climates due to the way seeds are protected and transported.

Plant Classification

  • Plants are classified into non-vascular and vascular groups. Nonvascular plants lack conducting tissue.
  • Vascular plants possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) to transport water, nutrients, and sugars. - Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue but reproduce via spores
    • Seed vascular plants have vascular tissue and reproduce via seeds.

Bryophytes Body

  • The bryophyte body is called a thallus. These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. This is a characteristic that distinguishes them from vascular plants.

Dominant Phase in Bryophyte Life Cycle

  • The dominant phase in the bryophyte life cycle is the gametophyte.

Structure to Move Sperm

  • Flagella are the structures that help sperm move

Cyanobacteria and Anthocerphyta

  • Anthoceros are associated with symbiotic cyanobacteria.

Most Primitive Land Plant

  •  Hepaticophyta.

Additional Notes

  • Specific examples of plants and their characteristics are given in the provided documents.
  • Detailed vocabulary is provided for various plant parts and processes.
  • The importance of water and its relation to plant survival is emphasized.
  • Critical-thinking questions are provided to further understanding.

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