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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of non-vascular plants?
What is the main characteristic of non-vascular plants?
What is the function of stomata in plants that live on land?
What is the function of stomata in plants that live on land?
What is the common ancestor of all green plants?
What is the common ancestor of all green plants?
What is the main difference between vascular and non-vascular plants?
What is the main difference between vascular and non-vascular plants?
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Why did plants need to adapt to have roots or rhizoids when they transitioned from water to land?
Why did plants need to adapt to have roots or rhizoids when they transitioned from water to land?
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What was the main challenge for plants that transitioned from water to land in terms of reproduction?
What was the main challenge for plants that transitioned from water to land in terms of reproduction?
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What is the main function of xylem in plants?
What is the main function of xylem in plants?
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What is the ploidy of a gamete?
What is the ploidy of a gamete?
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What is the term for the process of cell division that reduces chromosome number and halves ploidy?
What is the term for the process of cell division that reduces chromosome number and halves ploidy?
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What is the dominant generation in the life cycle of Bryophytes?
What is the dominant generation in the life cycle of Bryophytes?
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What is the term for the cluster of plant reproductive bodies unique to ferns?
What is the term for the cluster of plant reproductive bodies unique to ferns?
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What is the green colour in green algae due to?
What is the green colour in green algae due to?
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Study Notes
Plant Diversity
- Kingdom Plantae: eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, and has cellulose cell walls.
- Plants live on land and water and are divided into three categories: non-vascular, vascular seedless, and vascular seed plants.
Non-Vascular Plants
- Bryophytes (mosses): small, non-vascular, and rely on diffusion for nutrient uptake.
- Must live in moist, humid habitats, and need water for reproduction.
Vascular Plants
- Vascular seedless plants: ferns, which have a transport system and can grow bigger.
- Vascular seed plants: cone plants (gymnosperms) and flowering plants (angiosperms).
Algae
- General term for autotrophic, non-vascular, unicellular or multicellular organisms that are mainly aquatic.
- Three groups of algae: Chlorophyta (green), Rhodophyta (red), and Phaeophyta (brown).
- Chlorophyta: every green plant evolved from green algae, and they have the green color from photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
- Examples of Chlorophyta: Chlamydomonas (unicellular), Spirogyra (filamentous), Volvox (colonial), and Ulva (foliaceous).
Origins of Plants
- Plants evolved from chlorophyta in water and then adapted to land.
- Chlorophyta have the same photosynthetic pigments as modern plants.
Adaptations to Land
- Absorption system (roots or rhizoids) required for plants to survive on land.
- Waxy cuticles prevent desiccation but also prevent gas exchange, so stomata (small openings) allow gas exchange to occur.
- Pollen, a male gamete, evolved to allow for gamete transportation on land.
Plant Support System
- In water, buoyancy means woody support systems are unnecessary.
- On land, xylem and phloem provide structural support, transport water and dissolved minerals, and sugars up and down the plant.
Alternations of Generation
- Basis of all plant and fungal life cycles.
- Haploid (n) generation: one copy of every chromosome.
- Diploid (2n) generation: two copies of every chromosome.
- Mitosis: nuclear division resulting in an exact copy of itself.
- Meiosis: cell division that reduces chromosome number, halves ploidy.
- Spores: haploid reproductive cells used in asexual reproduction.
- Gametes: haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction.
- Fertilization: fusion of two gametes, forms a zygote.
- Gametophyte: haploid generation that produces egg and sperm.
- Sporophyte: diploid generation that produces spores.
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
- Dominant generation is gametophyte.
- Sporophyte is small and delicate on gametophyte.
- Need water for reproduction, so they live in moist, humid habitats.
Life Cycle of Ferns
- Sporophyte (2n) is dominant.
- Gametophyte is small but independent.
- Prothallus: mature gametophyte.
- Antheridium: male part of the gametophyte.
- Archegonium: female part of the gametophyte.
- Sorus: unique to ferns, a cluster of plant reproductive bodies.
- Sporangium: shell that bursts open to release spores when conditions are dry.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the kingdom Plantae, including non-vascular plants, vascular seedless plants, and vascular seed plants. Learn about the characteristics of different plant groups and their classification.
