Plant Development and Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids called?

  • Matrix
  • Lumen
  • Stroma (correct)
  • Granum

    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts do not have their own DNA.

    False

    What process do mitochondria and chloroplasts undergo to replicate themselves?

    Fission

    What is the main function of leaves in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ are responsible for the photosynthesis process within chloroplasts.

    <p>thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary cell walls are thinner than primary cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the photosynthetic apparatus?

    <p>Cell Walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two types of cell walls found in plant cells?

    <p>Primary and secondary cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evolution of __________ provided plants with structural reinforcement necessary to grow vertically.

    <p>lignified secondary cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Granum = Stack of thylakoids Stroma lamellae = Connects adjacent grana Thylakoid = Membrane-bound structure for light reactions Stroma = Fluid surrounding thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant organ with its primary function:

    <p>Leaf = Photosynthesis Stem = Support Root = Anchorage and absorption Meristem = Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts contain protein-synthesizing machinery similar to bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthases located on the thylakoid membranes?

    <p>Synthesize ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do terrestrial plants have to avoid desiccation?

    <p>Evaporation control mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryophytes are capable of growing several meters above the ground due to lignified cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do meristems in plants primarily facilitate?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT found in all plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All plant cells contain the same basic eukaryotic organization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane in plant cells?

    <p>To define the boundaries of the cell and control what enters and exits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for producing ribosomes in a plant cell.

    <p>nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plant cell structures with their functions:

    <p>Chloroplast = Photosynthesis Mitochondrion = Energy production Vacuole = Storage Golgi body = Modification and packaging of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the production of proteins?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cell wall is found outside the plasma membrane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to certain structures, such as the nucleus, during cell maturation in plant cells?

    <p>They can be lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Golgi apparatus play in plant cells?

    <p>Synthesis and secretion of complex polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicles from the rough ER are always smooth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained within mature living plant cells' central vacuoles?

    <p>Water and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clathrin-coated vesicles are involved in the transport of storage proteins from the Golgi to specialized protein-storing ______.

    <p>vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each cell structure with its function:

    <p>Rough ER = Synthesis of glycoproteins Golgi apparatus = Modification and sorting of proteins Central vacuole = Storage of water and solutes Secretory vesicles = Transport of materials out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Golgi bodies in plant cells compared to animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells can contain several hundred separate Golgi bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein cross-links stabilize the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of modifications are carried out in the Golgi apparatus regarding glycoproteins?

    <p>Further modifications and additions to oligosaccharide side chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structures called that form when an etioplast is exposed to light?

    <p>Grana stacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloplasts cannot be converted into chloroplasts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the two main types of microbodies found in plant cells.

    <p>Peroxisomes or Glyoxysomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes function in the removal of __________ from organic substrates.

    <p>hydrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of catalase in peroxisomes?

    <p>Breaking down hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes are found in all eukaryotic organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction consumes oxygen in peroxisomes?

    <p>Removal of hydrogens from organic substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their functions:

    <p>Peroxisomes = Removal of hydrogens from organic substrates Glyoxysomes = Present in oil-storing seeds Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Mitochondria = Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three major tissue systems in plants?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The middle lamella is responsible for cementing adjacent plant cells together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major tissue systems found in plants?

    <p>Dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ tissue is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients in plants.

    <p>vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the tissue types with their primary function:

    <p>Dermal tissue = Protection and covering Ground tissue = Photosynthesis and storage Vascular tissue = Transport of nutrients and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues makes up the epidermis of a plant?

    <p>Dermal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of xylem is to transport sugars throughout the plant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of guard cells in plants?

    <p>To regulate the opening and closing of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of _____ in the stem is to support and transport nutrients.

    <p>vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures to their functions:

    <p>Root hairs = Absorption of water and nutrients Palisade parenchyma = Photosynthesis Cortex = Storage and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant serves as the primary site for photosynthesis?

    <p>Leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The taproot system is characterized by a main central root and smaller lateral roots.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the type of plant tissue primarily responsible for storage.

    <p>Ground tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the outer protective layer of a plant organ.

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is involved in the formation of the middle lamella?

    <p>Dermal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Development and Structure

    • Terrestrial plants have mechanisms to prevent water loss (desiccation) and transport water and minerals for photosynthesis and growth.
    • They move the products of photosynthesis to non-photosynthetic parts.

    Plant Body Plan

    • All seed plants share the same basic structure: roots, stems, and leaves.
    • Leaves are for photosynthesis, stems provide support, and roots anchor the plant and absorb water/nutrients.
    • Leaves attach to the stem at nodes, with internodes (sections of stem between nodes).
    • The shoot comprises the stem and leaves.

    Plant Cell Growth

    • Plant growth occurs in localized cell division areas called meristems.
    • Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in meristems.
    • Cells are cemented together by a middle lamella, preventing cell migration.

    Plant Tissues

    • Plants have three major tissue systems: dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
    • These tissues form all plant organs.
    • Dermal tissue makes the outer layer.
    • Ground tissue forms the bulk of the plant body.
    • Vascular tissue transports substances.

    Plant Cell Walls

    • Plant cells have primary and secondary cell walls.
    • Primary walls are thin, found in young growing cells.
    • Secondary walls are thicker, stronger, and lignified for support, mostly after cells finish growing.
    • Lignin is a strengthening material, also brittle & glue-like.

    Plant Cell Structure

    • Plant cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
    • Plant cells are enclosed by a membrane.
    • Plant cells generally retain their organelles, unlike animal cells where organelles may be lost during growth.
    • Plant vacuoles can occupy 80-90% of the cell. The tonoplast is the membrane surrounding the vacuole.
    • Cytoplasmic strands may run through the vacuole.
    • The fluid around chloroplast thylakoids is called stroma.
    • Adjacent grana are connected by stroma lamellae.

    Photosynthesis Apparatus

    • Components of the photosynthetic apparatus are located in different parts (grana and stroma lamellae) of the chloroplast.
    • ATP synthases are in the thylakoid membranes.

    Organelles

    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes; believed to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria.
    • They divide by fission. May also fuse to form elongated structures or networks.
    • Microbodies are spherical organelles, including peroxisomes and glyoxysomes, with specialized metabolic functions.
    • Peroxisomes break down harmful hydrogen peroxide.
    • Glyoxysomes are in oil-storing seeds.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Plant Golgi bodies are dispersed and can be numerous.
    • Important in synthesizing/secreting complex polysaccharides, and assembling complex sugars on glycoproteins.
    • Proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are modified, often glycosylated, in the Golgi.
    • Vesicles aid transport within and from the Golgi.
    • Clathrin-coated vesicles are involved in transport to storage vacuoles and endocytosis.

    Plant Cell Wall Formation

    • Intercellular spaces exist between plant cells.
    • Oleosins, proteins, can bind to organelle surfaces. They may also act to prevent fusion of organelles.

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