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Questions and Answers
Which type of growth is exhibited by all plants?
Which type of growth is exhibited by all plants?
All plants have lateral meristems.
All plants have lateral meristems.
False
Name an example of a plant that undergoes only primary growth.
Name an example of a plant that undergoes only primary growth.
Herbaceous plants
Plant tissue culture often begins with the formation of __________ from plant cells.
Plant tissue culture often begins with the formation of __________ from plant cells.
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Match the plant growth mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the plant growth mechanisms with their descriptions:
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What are meristems primarily responsible for in plant development?
What are meristems primarily responsible for in plant development?
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All living cells in a mature plant part are developmentally totipotent.
All living cells in a mature plant part are developmentally totipotent.
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What is the first stage of plant development from the gametic union?
What is the first stage of plant development from the gametic union?
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The capacity of totipotent cells to develop into complete plants is referred to as ______.
The capacity of totipotent cells to develop into complete plants is referred to as ______.
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Match the components of embryogenesis with their functions:
Match the components of embryogenesis with their functions:
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Which of the following correctly distinguishes the two patterns established during embryogenesis?
Which of the following correctly distinguishes the two patterns established during embryogenesis?
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Embryogenesis is identical in both eudicots and monocots during the initial stages.
Embryogenesis is identical in both eudicots and monocots during the initial stages.
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What type of cells maintain the meristem as a continuing source of new cells?
What type of cells maintain the meristem as a continuing source of new cells?
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What establishes the polarity of the embryo during its first division?
What establishes the polarity of the embryo during its first division?
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The upper pole of the embryo consists of a larger basal cell producing a stalk-like suspensor.
The upper pole of the embryo consists of a larger basal cell producing a stalk-like suspensor.
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What are the primary meristematic tissues in the developing embryo?
What are the primary meristematic tissues in the developing embryo?
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The embryo proper consists of a mass of relatively __________ cells.
The embryo proper consists of a mass of relatively __________ cells.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding plant embryos?
Which of the following statements is true regarding plant embryos?
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Beneath the protoderm, the __________ meristem serves as the precursor of the cortex.
Beneath the protoderm, the __________ meristem serves as the precursor of the cortex.
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Match the following embryo parts with their descriptions:
Match the following embryo parts with their descriptions:
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Describe the role of the apical meristems.
Describe the role of the apical meristems.
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What is the term used for the resumption of growth by the embryo in a seed?
What is the term used for the resumption of growth by the embryo in a seed?
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Primary growth results in an increase in both length and width of a plant.
Primary growth results in an increase in both length and width of a plant.
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What forms the primary root in plants during root formation?
What forms the primary root in plants during root formation?
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The primary root matures to become the _____ root, typically found in dicots.
The primary root matures to become the _____ root, typically found in dicots.
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Match the type of plant growth with its description:
Match the type of plant growth with its description:
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Which of the following plants exhibit secondary growth?
Which of the following plants exhibit secondary growth?
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Axillary meristems are always active in all types of plants.
Axillary meristems are always active in all types of plants.
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What type of cambium produces secondary vascular tissues?
What type of cambium produces secondary vascular tissues?
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The _____ cambium develops in the peripheral region of the expanding axis and gives rise to the periderm.
The _____ cambium develops in the peripheral region of the expanding axis and gives rise to the periderm.
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Which structure is responsible for forming leaves, nodes, and internodes during shoot formation?
Which structure is responsible for forming leaves, nodes, and internodes during shoot formation?
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Study Notes
Tissues and Meristems during Plant Development (Angiosperms)
- Angiosperms' plant development follows patterns during embryo stage, distributing cells based on their position.
- Cells differentiate or specialize to take certain roles in the growing embryonic body (cell fate).
- Embryonic tissues, primarily meristems (Greek for division), are crucial for new cell formation.
Outline
- Cell Fate and Totipotency
- Embryogenesis
- Germination
- Morphogenesis
- Primary Growth
- Secondary Growth
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Asexual reproduction in plants
Cell Fate and Totipotency
- Meristems not only add new cells, but also maintain themselves as part of the plant's growth.
- Meristematic initials (initials) are cells that sustain the meristem's ongoing activity.
- Derivatives are products of initial cells, differentiating into other body cells.
- Totipotent cells possess the potential to form all cell types in a plant. Many cells in a mature plant retain this potential.
Embryogenesis
- The life cycle's sporophyte phase begins with the union of gametic products.
- A unicellular zygote develops into an embryo.
- Embryogenesis stages are similar in eudicots and monocots.
- Embryogenesis establishes two main patterns: apical-basal pattern along the main axis, and radial pattern for arranging concentrically tissues.
- Embryo development starts with divisions within the embryo sac of the ovule.
- The first division is transverse and asymmetrical, establishing the embryo's polarity.
- Upper pole gives rise to most of the embryo while the lower pole forms a suspensor for anchoring.
- Not all plant embryos come from the zygote.
Germination
- Mature embryo may become dormant, stopping growth until conditions are favorable for germination
- Germination is the resumption of embryo growth.
- A physical sign of germination is the elongation of the radicle and the break-through of the seed coat.
Morphogenesis (Shoot Formation)
- Apical meristem produces leaves, nodes, and internodes in a regular sequence.
- Axillary buds (from axils of leaves) develop into new shoots. This is not the case in palms.
- Young plants have stems with branches on the main one.
Morphogenesis (Root Formation)
- Apical meristem at the root tip of the hypocotyl forms the primary root.
- Primary root produces branch roots.
- Primary root formation continues from pericycle meristem.
- Mature primary root is the tap root (in dicots).
- Some roots develop from the stem (Monocots).
Primary Meristems
- Protoderm (precursor of epidermis).
- Ground meristem (precursor of cortex).
- Procambium (precursor of primary vascular system).
Primary Growth
- Primary growth is the plant's initial growth (length increase) from the apical meristems in roots and shoots.
- The primary plant body is formed by this initial growth, containing primary tissues.
- This process occurs in all plants and is complete in non-woody plants during the lifespan of the sporophyte.
Secondary Growth
- Secondary growth increases the girth in stems and roots of gymnosperms, and most woody dicots/some monocots.
- Vascular cambium (and phellogen) produce secondary tissues (xylem/phloem). The secondary growth forms the secondary plant body that replaces epidermis.
Plant Tissue Culture
- Tissue culture propagates plants from plant tissues other than the zygote,
- This technique starts with removing a tissue (tissue sample) from a plant & sterilizing the surfaces.
- Plant hormones (e.g., auxin and cytokinin) can induce callus formation, root, or shoot development.
Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction can happen without external chemical application
- Plant tissues can re-differentiate into meristematic tissues to create new roots and shoots for propagation.
- Asexual reproduction mechanisms include cuttings, runners, bulbs, tubers, and plantlets.
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Description
This quiz explores the intricate processes of plant development during the embryonic stage in angiosperms, emphasizing the roles of meristems and cell differentiation. Key topics include totipotency, morphogenesis, and tissue culture. Test your understanding of how plants grow and reproduce asexually through these fundamental concepts.
