Plant Classification and Life Cycles
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes dicotyledonous plants from monocotyledonous plants?

  • Have two cotyledons in the seed embryo (correct)
  • Presence of parallel leaf venation
  • Possess a single cotyledon in the seed embryo
  • Formation of fibrous root system
  • What is the function of the hilum in a seed?

  • Provides the point of attachment to the funiculus (correct)
  • Acts as the pore for gaseous exchange
  • Contains the storing tissue for nutrients
  • Serves as the protective wall of the seed
  • Which type of plant is characterized by living in scarcity of water?

  • Mesophytes
  • Xerophytes (correct)
  • Perennials
  • Hydrophytes
  • What structure is primarily responsible for the storage of food during seed germination?

    <p>Cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a perennial plant?

    <p>Extends for more than two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a seed, which part represents the protective wall surrounding the embryo?

    <p>Testa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the radicle in a seed embryo?

    <p>Initiates the development of the primary root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes mesophytes?

    <p>Plants that grow in moderate moisture levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root is characterized by swelling in the middle and tapering towards both ends?

    <p>Fusiform root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bud is primarily responsible for leading the growth at the apex of a stem or branch?

    <p>Apical bud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of respiratory roots developed by mangrove plants?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides support and facilitates the conduction of water and minerals in plants?

    <p>Stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about modified tap roots used for food storage?

    <p>Conical roots are broad at the base and taper towards the apex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adventitious roots from tap roots?

    <p>Adventitious roots develop from non-root parts of the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem is unable to stand upright without support?

    <p>Weak stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the root cap in a plant?

    <p>To protect the root apex during growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT performed by roots?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seed germination allows cotyledons to remain below the soil surface?

    <p>Hypogeal germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a necessary internal condition for seed germination?

    <p>Dormancy of the seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage in hypogeal germination of Zea mays is characterized by the emergence of foliage leaves?

    <p>Stage III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the root is responsible for root hair production?

    <p>Region of maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of hypogeal germination for the broad bean (Vicia faba)?

    <p>Testa ruptures and radicle appears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of roots in plants, aside from anchoring them?

    <p>Absorbing water and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes epigeal germination from hypogeal germination?

    <p>Position of cotyledons during germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hermaphrodite flowers is true?

    <p>They have both male and female parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one distinguishing feature of dioecious plants?

    <p>They have separate male and female plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred between two separate plants?

    <p>Cross pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the pericarp is the outermost layer?

    <p>Epicarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False fruits or pseudocarps can develop from which part of the flower aside from the ovary?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three regions into which a thick pericarp is differentiated?

    <p>Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fruit develops solely from the ovary of a flower?

    <p>Simple fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fruits?

    <p>Aid in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem modification is primarily characterized by growing horizontally above ground and lacking adventitious roots at the nodes?

    <p>Creeping stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes underground modifications from roots?

    <p>Presence of nodes and internodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of underground stems?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant structure is an example of a tuber?

    <p>Potato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between a runner and an offset?

    <p>Length of the branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aerial modification serves primarily for photosynthesis?

    <p>Cladodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a bulb play in terms of stem modifications?

    <p>Storage of food materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of modified stems develops as slender branches rooting at nodes called runners?

    <p>Offset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Classification

    • Herbs: Soft-stemmed plants with minimal wood.
    • Shrubs: Short, woody, and branched plants with erect stems.
    • Trees: Tall, large plants with woody stems.

    Lifespan of Plants

    • Annuals: Complete life cycle within one year or less.
    • Biennials: Life cycle spans two years.
    • Perennials: Live for more than two years.

    Environmental Adaptations

    • Xerophytes: Thrive in low water conditions, like desert vegetation.
    • Mesophytes: Adapt to moderate water conditions, e.g., wheat.
    • Hydrophytes: Flourish in abundant water, e.g., Eichhornia spp.

    Flowering Plant Classification

    • Dicotyledonous (Dicot):
      • Two cotyledons in the seed.
      • Reticulate leaf venation.
      • Tap root system.
    • Monocotyledonous (Monocot):
      • One cotyledon in the seed.
      • Parallel leaf venation.
      • Fibrous root system.

    Seed Structure

    • Seed Coat (Testa): Protective layer around the embryo; features hilum and micropyle.
    • Embryo: Composed of plumule (shoot), radicle (root), and one or two cotyledons depending on type.
    • Storage Tissue: Endosperm (in some seeds) functions as a food reserve.

    Seed Germination

    • Conditions for Germination:
      • Seed viability establishes growth potential.
      • Dormancy may precede germination.
      • Water, oxygen, and suitable temperature are essential.

    Types of Seed Germination

    • Hypogeal Germination: Cotyledons remain below soil; radicle grows first.
      • Example: Broad Bean (Vicia faba) and Zea mays.
    • Epigeal Germination: Cotyledons emerge above the soil; hypocotyl elongates first.
      • Example: Lupinus termis.

    Roots

    • Function: Anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, synthesize growth hormones.
    • Root Structure:
      • Root cap protects apex.
      • Cell division region is meristematic.
      • Elongation region contributes to root length.
      • Maturation region develops root hairs and lateral roots.

    Types of Roots

    • Tap Roots: Develop from radicle, includes primary and lateral roots.
    • Adventitious Roots: Originate from parts other than the radicle.

    Modified Root Forms

    • Storage Roots: Adapted for food storage (e.g., carrot, radish, beet).
    • Respiratory Roots: Emerge in waterlogged environments, e.g., mangroves.

    Stems

    • Function: Support leaves and flowers, conduct water and nutrients, provide structure.
    • Types of Stems:
      • Erect stems grow upright; can be herbaceous or woody.
      • Weak stems need support; include twining, climbing, and creeping types.

    Modified Stem Forms

    • Underground Modifications: Rhizomes, tubers, corms, bulbs for storage and propagation.
    • Subaerial Modifications: Runners and offsets facilitate vegetative reproduction.
    • Aerial Modifications: Thorns for protection, cladodes, and phylloclades for photosynthesis.

    Flower and Pollination

    • Hermaphrodite Flower: Contains both male and female structures within the same flower.
    • Monoecious Plants: Have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
    • Dioecious Plants: Male and female flowers exist on separate plants.
    • Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma; includes self and cross-pollination.
    • Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.

    Fruits

    • Definition: Mature, fertilized ovary.
    • Fruit Characteristics: Two attachment scars (apex and base).
    • Parts of Fruits: Pericarp (epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp) and seeds.

    Types of Fruits

    • True Fruits: Develop solely from the ovary.
    • False Fruits (Pseudocarp): Include other floral parts, e.g., apples.
    • Fruit Classifications: Simple, aggregate, and multiple/composite based on origin and structure.

    Cell Structure

    • Types of Cells:
      • Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells, e.g., bacteria and archaea.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of plants in this quiz, which covers the classification of herbs, shrubs, and trees, as well as their life cycles categorized into annuals, biennials, and perennials. Test your knowledge on how different plants adapt to their environments and their growth patterns.

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