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Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes dicotyledonous plants from monocotyledonous plants?
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes dicotyledonous plants from monocotyledonous plants?
- Have two cotyledons in the seed embryo (correct)
- Presence of parallel leaf venation
- Possess a single cotyledon in the seed embryo
- Formation of fibrous root system
What is the function of the hilum in a seed?
What is the function of the hilum in a seed?
- Provides the point of attachment to the funiculus (correct)
- Acts as the pore for gaseous exchange
- Contains the storing tissue for nutrients
- Serves as the protective wall of the seed
Which type of plant is characterized by living in scarcity of water?
Which type of plant is characterized by living in scarcity of water?
- Mesophytes
- Xerophytes (correct)
- Perennials
- Hydrophytes
What structure is primarily responsible for the storage of food during seed germination?
What structure is primarily responsible for the storage of food during seed germination?
Which of the following correctly defines a perennial plant?
Which of the following correctly defines a perennial plant?
In a seed, which part represents the protective wall surrounding the embryo?
In a seed, which part represents the protective wall surrounding the embryo?
What is the primary role of the radicle in a seed embryo?
What is the primary role of the radicle in a seed embryo?
Which of the following accurately describes mesophytes?
Which of the following accurately describes mesophytes?
Which type of root is characterized by swelling in the middle and tapering towards both ends?
Which type of root is characterized by swelling in the middle and tapering towards both ends?
Which type of bud is primarily responsible for leading the growth at the apex of a stem or branch?
Which type of bud is primarily responsible for leading the growth at the apex of a stem or branch?
What is the primary function of respiratory roots developed by mangrove plants?
What is the primary function of respiratory roots developed by mangrove plants?
Which structure provides support and facilitates the conduction of water and minerals in plants?
Which structure provides support and facilitates the conduction of water and minerals in plants?
Which of the following is true about modified tap roots used for food storage?
Which of the following is true about modified tap roots used for food storage?
What distinguishes adventitious roots from tap roots?
What distinguishes adventitious roots from tap roots?
Which type of stem is unable to stand upright without support?
Which type of stem is unable to stand upright without support?
What is the primary function of the root cap in a plant?
What is the primary function of the root cap in a plant?
Which function is NOT performed by roots?
Which function is NOT performed by roots?
Which type of seed germination allows cotyledons to remain below the soil surface?
Which type of seed germination allows cotyledons to remain below the soil surface?
Which of these is NOT a necessary internal condition for seed germination?
Which of these is NOT a necessary internal condition for seed germination?
What stage in hypogeal germination of Zea mays is characterized by the emergence of foliage leaves?
What stage in hypogeal germination of Zea mays is characterized by the emergence of foliage leaves?
Which region of the root is responsible for root hair production?
Which region of the root is responsible for root hair production?
What is the first stage of hypogeal germination for the broad bean (Vicia faba)?
What is the first stage of hypogeal germination for the broad bean (Vicia faba)?
What is the function of roots in plants, aside from anchoring them?
What is the function of roots in plants, aside from anchoring them?
What distinguishes epigeal germination from hypogeal germination?
What distinguishes epigeal germination from hypogeal germination?
Which of the following statements about hermaphrodite flowers is true?
Which of the following statements about hermaphrodite flowers is true?
What is one distinguishing feature of dioecious plants?
What is one distinguishing feature of dioecious plants?
Which type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred between two separate plants?
Which type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred between two separate plants?
Which region of the pericarp is the outermost layer?
Which region of the pericarp is the outermost layer?
False fruits or pseudocarps can develop from which part of the flower aside from the ovary?
False fruits or pseudocarps can develop from which part of the flower aside from the ovary?
What are the three regions into which a thick pericarp is differentiated?
What are the three regions into which a thick pericarp is differentiated?
Which type of fruit develops solely from the ovary of a flower?
Which type of fruit develops solely from the ovary of a flower?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fruits?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fruits?
Which type of stem modification is primarily characterized by growing horizontally above ground and lacking adventitious roots at the nodes?
Which type of stem modification is primarily characterized by growing horizontally above ground and lacking adventitious roots at the nodes?
What distinguishes underground modifications from roots?
What distinguishes underground modifications from roots?
Which of the following is NOT a function of underground stems?
Which of the following is NOT a function of underground stems?
Which plant structure is an example of a tuber?
Which plant structure is an example of a tuber?
What is the main distinction between a runner and an offset?
What is the main distinction between a runner and an offset?
Which type of aerial modification serves primarily for photosynthesis?
Which type of aerial modification serves primarily for photosynthesis?
What role does a bulb play in terms of stem modifications?
What role does a bulb play in terms of stem modifications?
Which type of modified stems develops as slender branches rooting at nodes called runners?
Which type of modified stems develops as slender branches rooting at nodes called runners?
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Study Notes
Plant Classification
- Herbs: Soft-stemmed plants with minimal wood.
- Shrubs: Short, woody, and branched plants with erect stems.
- Trees: Tall, large plants with woody stems.
Lifespan of Plants
- Annuals: Complete life cycle within one year or less.
- Biennials: Life cycle spans two years.
- Perennials: Live for more than two years.
Environmental Adaptations
- Xerophytes: Thrive in low water conditions, like desert vegetation.
- Mesophytes: Adapt to moderate water conditions, e.g., wheat.
- Hydrophytes: Flourish in abundant water, e.g., Eichhornia spp.
Flowering Plant Classification
- Dicotyledonous (Dicot):
- Two cotyledons in the seed.
- Reticulate leaf venation.
- Tap root system.
- Monocotyledonous (Monocot):
- One cotyledon in the seed.
- Parallel leaf venation.
- Fibrous root system.
Seed Structure
- Seed Coat (Testa): Protective layer around the embryo; features hilum and micropyle.
- Embryo: Composed of plumule (shoot), radicle (root), and one or two cotyledons depending on type.
- Storage Tissue: Endosperm (in some seeds) functions as a food reserve.
Seed Germination
- Conditions for Germination:
- Seed viability establishes growth potential.
- Dormancy may precede germination.
- Water, oxygen, and suitable temperature are essential.
Types of Seed Germination
- Hypogeal Germination: Cotyledons remain below soil; radicle grows first.
- Example: Broad Bean (Vicia faba) and Zea mays.
- Epigeal Germination: Cotyledons emerge above the soil; hypocotyl elongates first.
- Example: Lupinus termis.
Roots
- Function: Anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, synthesize growth hormones.
- Root Structure:
- Root cap protects apex.
- Cell division region is meristematic.
- Elongation region contributes to root length.
- Maturation region develops root hairs and lateral roots.
Types of Roots
- Tap Roots: Develop from radicle, includes primary and lateral roots.
- Adventitious Roots: Originate from parts other than the radicle.
Modified Root Forms
- Storage Roots: Adapted for food storage (e.g., carrot, radish, beet).
- Respiratory Roots: Emerge in waterlogged environments, e.g., mangroves.
Stems
- Function: Support leaves and flowers, conduct water and nutrients, provide structure.
- Types of Stems:
- Erect stems grow upright; can be herbaceous or woody.
- Weak stems need support; include twining, climbing, and creeping types.
Modified Stem Forms
- Underground Modifications: Rhizomes, tubers, corms, bulbs for storage and propagation.
- Subaerial Modifications: Runners and offsets facilitate vegetative reproduction.
- Aerial Modifications: Thorns for protection, cladodes, and phylloclades for photosynthesis.
Flower and Pollination
- Hermaphrodite Flower: Contains both male and female structures within the same flower.
- Monoecious Plants: Have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
- Dioecious Plants: Male and female flowers exist on separate plants.
- Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma; includes self and cross-pollination.
- Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.
Fruits
- Definition: Mature, fertilized ovary.
- Fruit Characteristics: Two attachment scars (apex and base).
- Parts of Fruits: Pericarp (epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp) and seeds.
Types of Fruits
- True Fruits: Develop solely from the ovary.
- False Fruits (Pseudocarp): Include other floral parts, e.g., apples.
- Fruit Classifications: Simple, aggregate, and multiple/composite based on origin and structure.
Cell Structure
- Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells, e.g., bacteria and archaea.
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