Plant Cell Types Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cilia in cells?

To increase surface area

To aid in cellular movement (correct)

To facilitate absorption

To provide sensory reception

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell modification found on the basal surface?

Adhering junction

Hemidesmosome

Tight junction

Flagella (correct)

What primarily distinguishes sclerenchyma cells from other cell types in plants?

They have a lignified cell wall. (correct)

They are responsible for photosynthesis.

They transport dissolved foods.

They are involved in food storage.

Which plant cell type is specifically responsible for the transport of water and dissolved substances?

Xylem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the major role of microvilli in cells?

Increasing surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

In plants, collenchyma cells primarily provide which of the following functions?

Support for growing tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?

Regulating solute movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes pseudopods?

Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm for movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phloem cells in plants?

Transport of dissolved foods Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin cell produces melanin that gives skin its color?

Melanocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which junction is responsible for the direct exchange of chemicals between adjacent animal cells?

Gap junction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of keratinocytes in the skin?

Production of keratin Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle do cells replicate their DNA?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of myocytes?

Allow for movement of limbs and organs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cell is characterized by being involuntary and striated?

Cardiac muscle cell Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells undergo mitosis to create identical daughter cells?

Somatic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily involved in the immune response in the skin?

Langerhans cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the body?

Forming clots in response to tears in blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes smooth muscle cells from other types of muscle cells?

They have a single central nucleus and are non-striated Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of adipocytes?

They are involved in fat synthesis and storage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main liquid component of blood responsible for transporting blood cells?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which blood cell type is primarily involved in the immune response?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to red blood cells when they lose their nucleus?

They increase their capacity for oxygen transport Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Interkinesis in Meiosis II?

Only protein synthesis occurs. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of Meiosis II do the double stranded homologous chromosomes align at the equator?

Metaphase II Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of Karyokinesis in Meiosis II?

The separation of chromatids Signup and view all the answers

At the end of Telophase II, what is the state of the chromosomes?

Each nucleus has a haploid number of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

It creates unique combinations of chromosomes in sex cells. Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis II in Meiosis II is characterized by which process?

Cell furrow formation leading to four daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of chromosomes during Anaphase II?

Chromatids separate, resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of chromosomes in the context of meiosis?

They neatly arrange long strands of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 13?

Patau’s Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome primarily affects females due to a missing or partially missing X chromosome?

Turner’s Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature associated with trisomy 18?

Clenched fists with overlapping fingers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Huntington’s disease is accurate?

It results from a defective gene on chromosome 4. Signup and view all the answers

How many individuals with Patau’s Syndrome typically survive past their first birthday?

Approximately 11% Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common in individuals with Jacob's syndrome (XYY)?

Acne and aggression Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical observation in a child with Down syndrome?

Heart defects and vision issues Signup and view all the answers

What is a known consequence of Turner’s Syndrome?

Short height Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Cells

Trichomes: Epidermal hairs on plant surfaces aiding in defense and reducing water loss.
Parenchyma Cells: Undifferentiated living cells participating in photosynthesis, food storage, and waste secretion.
Collenchyma Cells: Elongated cells beneath epidermis providing flexible support in growing regions.
Types of Collenchyma:
- Corner Collenchyma
- Lamellar Collenchyma
- Angular Collenchyma
- Intercellular Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma Cells: Lignified, hardened cells providing structural support in mature plant tissues.
Xylem Cells: Complex vascular cells responsible for upward water and nutrient transport; consist of tracheids and vessel elements.
Phloem Cells: Transport dissolved organic nutrients in various directions; develop cellular metabolism for transport efficiency.

Animal Cells

Skin Cells: Primarily consisting of keratinocytes (90% of skin cells producing keratin), melanocytes (involved in pigmentation), Langerhans cells (immune function), and Merkel cells (tactile receptors).
Muscle Cells: Long tubular cells for movement; types include:
- Cardiac Muscle Cells: Striated, involuntary, with numerous mitochondria.
- Skeletal Muscle Cells: Multi-nucleated, striated, high energy demand.
- Smooth Muscle Cells: Spindle-shaped, involuntary, non-striated.
Blood Cells: Specialized fluid connective tissue; types include:
- Plasma: Liquid medium transporting nutrients and waste (55% of blood).
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Oxygen carriers with hemoglobin (41% of blood).
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Immune response agents (4% of blood).
- Platelets (Thrombocytes): Assist in clots, non-cellular structures (0.01% of blood).
Nerve Cells (Neurons): Key components of the nervous system, transmitting signals.
Fat Cells (Adipocytes): Specialized for fat synthesis and storage.

Cell Modifications

Apical Modifications: Enhancements on the cell surface to increase function:
- Cilia: Hair-like, aids sensory perception or movement.
- Flagella: Whip-like tail structures for locomotion.
- Villi/Microvilli: Projections increasing surface area for absorption.
- Pseudopods: Temporary extensions for movement and phagocytosis.
Basal Modifications: Features at the bottom of cells:
- Hemidesmosomes: Anchor cells to the basement membrane.
Lateral Modifications: Connect neighboring cells:
- Tight Junctions: Control solute movement and prevent leakage.
- Adhering Junctions: Secure cells together.
- Gap Junctions: Allow chemical communication between cells.
Plasmodesmata: Channels in plant cell walls facilitating intercellular communication.

Cell Cycle and Division

Cell Cycle: Series of events for cellular growth and division, includes Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells with equal chromosomes.
Meiosis II: Produces four haploid cells, promoting genetic diversity.
Phases of Meiosis:
- Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis II.
Significance of Mitosis: Growth, tissue repair, and maintaining chromosome number.
Significance of Meiosis: Produces gametes, genetic diversity, and maintains chromosome sets in sex cells.

Chromosomal Disorders

Trisomy 13 (Patau's Syndrome): Extra chromosome 13; high miscarriage rate, few survivors beyond infancy.
Trisomy 18 (Edward's Syndrome): Severe developmental issues; low birth weights and organ abnormalities; high early mortality.
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome): Genetic disorder linked to learning disabilities and characteristic physical features.
Monosomy X (Turner's Syndrome): Female condition from missing X chromosome causes developmental issues.
Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY): Associated with taller stature, acne, and increased aggression.
Huntington’s Disease: Progressive brain disorder caused by a dominant gene mutation on chromosome 4 leading to gradual decline in motor and cognitive functions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the different types of plant cells, including trichomes, parenchyma, and collenchyma cells. Explore their structures, functions, and roles in plant biology. Perfect for biology students and plant enthusiasts.